Eskin. Paupakan.
Helto. Pusuna.
Hoak. Taitchida.
Hoankut. Tishum.
Hololupai. Toamtcha.
Koloma. Tosikoyo.
Konkau. Toto.
Ku"lmeh. Ustoma.
Kulomum. Wapumni.
Kwatoa. Wima.
Nak.u.m. Yuba.
QUORATEAN FAMILY.
> Quoratem, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 422, 1853 (proposed as a proper name of family "should it be held one").
> Eh-nek, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 423, 1853 (given as name of a band only; but suggests Quoratem as a proper family name).
> Ehnik, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 76, 1856 (south of Shasti and Lutuami areas). Latham, Opuscula, 342, 1860.
= Cahrocs, Powers in Overland Monthly, 328, April, 1872 (on Klamath and Salmon Rivers).
= Cahrok, Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 438, 1877.
= Ka"-rok, Powers in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 19, 1877. Powell in ibid., 447, 1877 (vocabularies of Ka"-rok, Arra-Arra, Peh"-tsik, Eh-nek).
< klamath,="" keane,="" app.="" to="" stanford"s="" comp.="" (cent.="" and="" so.="" am.),="" 475,="" 1878="" (cited="" as="" including="">
Derivation: Name of a band at mouth of Salmon River, California.
Etymology unknown.
This family name is equivalent to the Cahroc or Karok of Powers and later authorities.
In 1853, as above cited, Gibbs gives Eh-nek as the t.i.tular heading of his paragraphs upon the language of this family, with the remark that it is "The name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon, or Quoratem river."
He adds that "This latter name may perhaps be considered as proper to give to the family, should it be held one." He defines the territory occupied by the family as follows: "The language reaches from Bluff creek, the upper boundary of the Pohlik, to about Clear creek, thirty or forty miles above the Salmon; varying, however, somewhat from point to point."
The presentation of the name Quoratem, as above, seems sufficiently formal, and it is therefore accepted for the group first indicated by Gibbs.
In 1856 Latham renamed the family Ehnik, after the princ.i.p.al band, locating the tribe, or rather the language, south of the Shasti and Lutuami areas.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
The geographic limits of the family are somewhat indeterminate, though the main area occupied by the tribes is well known. The tribes occupy both banks of the lower Klamath from a range of hills a little above Happy Camp to the junction of the Trinity, and the Salmon River from its mouth to its sources. On the north, Quoratean tribes extended to the Athapascan territory near the Oregon line.
TRIBES.
Ehnek.
Karok.
Pehtsik.
_Population._--According to a careful estimate made by Mr. Curtin in the region in 1889, the Indians of this family number about 600.
SALINAN FAMILY.
< salinas,="" latham="" in="" trans.="" philolog.="" soc.="" lond.,="" 85,="" 1856="" (includes="" gioloco,="" ruslen,="" soledad="" of="" mofras,="" eslen,="" carmel,="" san="" antonio,="" san="" miguel).="" latham,="" opuscula,="" 350,="">
> San Antonio, Powell in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 568, 1877 (vocabulary of; not given as a family, but kept by itself).
< santa="" barbara,="" gatschet="" in="" mag.="" am.="" hist.,="" 157,="" 1877="" (cited="" here="" as="" containing="" san="" antonio).="" gatschet="" in="" u.s.="" geog.="" surv.="" w.="" 100th="" m.,="" vii,="" 419,="" 1879="" (contains="" san="" antonio,="" san="">
X Runsiens, Keane, App. Stanford"s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 476, 1878 (San Miguel of his group belongs here).
Derivation: From river of same name.
The language formerly spoken at the Missions of San Antonio and San Miguel in Monterey County, California, have long occupied a doubtful position. By some they have been considered distinct, not only from each other, but from all other languages. Others have held that they represent distinct dialects of the Chumashan (Santa Barbara) group of languages. Vocabularies collected in 1884 by Mr. Henshaw show clearly that the two are closely connected dialects and that they are in no wise related to any other family.
The group established by Latham under the name Salinas is a heterogeneous one, containing representatives of no fewer than four distinct families. Gioloco, which he states "may possibly belong to this group, notwithstanding its reference to the Mission of San Francisco,"
really is congeneric with the vocabularies a.s.signed by Latham to the Mendocinan family. The "Soledad of Mofras" belongs to the Costanoan family mentioned on page 348 of the same essay, as also do the Ruslen and Carmel. Of the three remaining forms of speech, Eslen, San Antonio, and San Miguel, the two latter are related dialects, and belong within the drainage of the Salinas River. The term Salinan is hence applied to them, leaving the Eslen language to be provided with a name.
_Population._--Though the San Antonio and San Miguel were probably never very populous tribes, the Missions of San Antonio and San Miguel, when first established in the years 1771 and 1779, contained respectively 1,400 and 1,300 Indians. Doubtless the larger number of these converts were gathered in the near vicinity of the two missions and so belonged to this family. In 1884 when Mr. Henshaw visited the missions he was able to learn of the existence of only about a dozen Indians of this family, and not all of these could speak their own language.
SALISHAN FAMILY.
> Salish, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc., II, 134, 306, 1836 (or Flat Heads only). Latham in Proc. Philolog. Soc. Lond., II, 31-50, 1846 (of Duponceau. Said to be the Okanagan of Tolmie).
X Salish, Keane, App. Stanford"s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 474, 1878 (includes Flatheads, Kalispelms, Skitsuish, Colvilles, Quarlpi, Spokanes, Pisquouse, Soaiatlpi).
= Salish, Bancroft, Nat. Races, III, 565, 618, 1882.
> Selish, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc. II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (vocab.
of Nsietshaws). Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 63, 78, 1884 (vocabularies of Lillooet and Kullespelm).