learning to obey, 18283, 18990, 204n, 28586
communication, 89119 asking dogs in, 2628 barks as, 98, 1058, 15254, 171 of bats, 91, 24143 body language in, 91, 10814, 118 commands in. see see commands commands of dogs, 12, 56, 8991, 10818. see also see also sounds made; urine sounds made; urine dog tells, 29293 of elephants, 91 eye contact in, 4547 of fireflies, 9192 of frogs, 92 human vocalizations, 9091 intentional, 11518 keyboard use in, 145n of monkeys, 91, 94 naming, 9697, 98, 29597 pitch of sounds made, 9396, 98108 pointing in, 49, 143, 15052, 287
posture in, 8081, 8990, 108, 10910, 111, 153 prosody in, 9394, 95, 251
shaking in, 11314 showing, 154 of socialized wolves, 6364 urine as, 22, 8284, 11418 see also language language comparative psychology, 2067 concealing behavior, 23435 confirmation bias, 169n conversational maxims, 9798 coprophagia (feces eating), 73 cortisol, 17273, 27980 see also see also hormones hormones countermarking, 117 counting ability, 16366, 210 coursing dogs, 48 courting behavior, 8384, 27778 cows, slaughterhouse behavior of, 136, 251n coyotes, 34 cries, 101 critical/sensitive period, 4243, 222n, 262 cropping ears, 92 cross-species bond, 25982 crouching, 11011 cuteness, 264
dachshund, 40, 48, 53n darting eyes, 148 Darwin, Charles, 29, 102n, 109 daydreaming, 88
deaf persons, dog companions for, 162, 240 death, 23537
deception, 80, 169, 19293, 201, 23435 demonstration, 18690 depression in dogs, 14, 16, 26, 27, 112 in rats, 2728 Derrida, Jacques, 28182 dholes, 34 diabetes, detection of, 81
see also olfaction olfaction
dingoes, 34 disease bonding in prevention of, 27980 olfaction in detection of, 8182 DNA. see see genes genes Doberman, 51, 53n, 22930 docked tails, 114 "dog fancy" shows, 49n dog groomers, 8586, 292 dog heroes. see see emergencies emergencies dog whistle, 93 dog years, 222n dolphins brain size of, 9n self-awareness of, 219 smile of, 16 domestication, 3365 archeological evidence of, 3940 artificial selection in, 6, 3537 definition of, 3334 DNA evidence of, 3940 dog-human bond and, 260 food preferences and, 33, 34 process of, 3537, 3847, 6061, 6465 of silver foxes, 3537 theory of, 3847 wolves and, 3847, 5561
dominance
body language showing, 11011, 112, 114 in electric shock research, 19n eye contact in, 147 hormones and, 172 licking and, 3031 in marking behavior, 117 sounds made and, 102 in training dogs, 5761 in wolves versus dogs, 1819, 40, 147, 148
dopamine, 261 dreaming, 88, 124, 213, 213n ducks chasing behavior of, 141 greeting behavior of, 272
ears, 9298, 10910, 113
see also audition; sounds made eating tone, 24 audition; sounds made eating tone, 24 eavesdropping, with video camera, 29192 echolocation, 91, 24143 Egypt, dog breeds in ancient, 4849 electric shock research, 19n elephants brain size of, 9n communication of, 91 flehmen, 74 periscope sniff, 69 roses and, 22 self-awareness of, 219
Elizabethan collar, 86 emergencies knowledge of, 24041 rescue dogs, 79, 166, 23739 stories of dog heroes, 23739 test of behavior during, 23941 encephalization quotient, 9n endorphins, 279 English c.o.c.ker spaniel, 50 epileptic seizure, prediction of, 82n see also olfaction olfaction exaggerated retreat, 203 eyebrows, raised as display, 16, 124 eye contact aggression and, 147, 14849 in attending, 14344 avoiding, 46 dog tells, 29293 dog vision and, 13334
as foundation for social cognition, 4547
gaze avoidance, 4546, 11011, 143, 144, 14849, 229, 232, 29293 gaze following, 14952, 154 lack of, in autism, 140, 192 mutual gaze, 4647, 139, 14649, 161, 29293 showing, 154 staring, 15, 4546, 110, 29293 use of gaze, 46 eyes. see also see also eye contact; vision eye contact; vision darting, 148 of dogs versus wolves, 42
facial expressions, 110 eyebrows raised as display, 16, 124
infant imitation of, 14243, 173, 277 see also see also smile smile
facial recognition, 14243
false belief task, 19293, 201 Far Side Far Side (Larson), 95 (Larson), 95
fear a.n.a.l sacs and, 8485 communication of, 99, 112 detection of, 7981. see also see also olfaction olfaction in domestication of wolves, 37, 39 isolation barks and, 107 feces, 24, 73, 8485, 295 feet dog, 85 human, 71, 7576, 78, 244 feral dogs, 59, 63, 8384, 11718 fetch, 27778, 287 see also play, human-dog play, human-dog
Finnegan, 26667, 301
fireflies, communication of, 9192 flehmen, 74 flicker-fusion rate, 13032 see also vision vision
flirting, timing in, 27778
fluorescent lights, 131 foveae, 12627 Fox, Michael, 269 foxes in Canidae Canidae family, 34. family, 34. see also Canidae see also Canidae family family domestication experiments, 3537 vocalizations of, 90 free-ranging dogs, 59, 63, 8384, 11718 French bulldog, 114 friendly behavior, 17172 frogs, communication of, 92 Fromm, Erich, 216 functional tone, 2426 fur trade, domestication of silver foxes, 3537
gaits, 29091 galloping, 290 Gallup, Gordon, 21720 gangs, dog-human, 5761 gaze. see see eye contact eye contact generalizations, 89, 22122 genes divergence of dogs, 3847 functioning of, 3637 genetic mutations, 51 genome mapping, 3637, 51, 52n interaction with environment, 5155 mitochondrial DNA, 3940 of tamed foxes, 3637 genitals, olfaction and, 75, 76, 87 German shepherd, 50, 53n, 104 golden retriever, 112 Goodall, Jane, 102n, 296 Grandin, Temple, 136, 251n Great Dane, 50 greeting, 27173
attachment behavior and, 43, 27172 licking in, 29, 3031, 65, 247, 27273
ritual as part of bond, 29, 3031, 26364, 27173 sniff in, 75, 76, 8485, 86, 8788 tail in, 3, 31, 25657 see also kisses, dog kisses, dog greyhound, 48 Grice, Paul, 9798 grin. see see smile smile growl, 62, 100, 102, 22122. see also see also sounds made sounds made grunt, 1012 guard dogs, 252 guilt, 22835 a.s.sociations and, 23233 concealing behavior, 23435 feeling of, 22835 gaze avoidance and, 149, 229, 232 guilty look, 149, 22830, 232, 233 lack of, 234 polygraph machines, 80, 169 test of, 23033
habits, knowledge of, 16672, 25152 habituation, to odors, 7071 hackles, 110, 113 half-bounding, 29091 handedness/pawedness, 288 happiness, 26 licking and, 3031 smiling and, 16, 145 wagging tail and, 11213 Harlow, Harry, 26869 harriers, 49 head bow, 201 head size, 89, 44, 124 hearing. see see audition; sounds made audition; sounds made
heeling, 28788
height, of dogs, 23, 40, 110n, 112, 16971, 24345 herding behavior, 49, 53, 54, 71, 262, 287 hierarchy
lack of, in domestic dogs, 5761 of the senses, 13334 in wolves, 40, 5859 hippopotamus marking, 84 h.o.m.o sapiens dog recognition of owner, 2526, 2931 in domestication process, 3847 early settlements of, 3839 evolution of, 4041, 6162 hormones affected by petting dog, 261 contagion of in dogs, 80, 280 cortisol, 17273, 27980 detection by dogs, 80, 17273, 280 detection by sharks, 77 endorphins, 279 oxytocin, 261, 279 pheromones and, 7375, 7981, 83 prolactin, 279 testosterone, 172 threshold levels of, 53 vasopressin, 261
horse
counting behavior of "Clever Hans,"16366 pressure-release as reinforcement, 249n
hounds, 50 howl, 100, 101, 103 hunting chasing behaviors and, 16971 dogs bred for, 43, 49, 5354 style of dogs, 43, 57, 57n, 59 style of wolves, 34, 3840, 43, 57n, 58 in training dogs, 5761 husky, 42n, 48, 50, 114, 135 hyenas, 34n hypothalamus, 21213
Ibizan Hound, 4849n imitation in animal cognition research, 18390 blue t.i.t and chickadee behavior, 185 demonstration and, 18690 "do as I do" task, 14243, 18690 of facial expressions, 14243, 173, 277 learning through, 18386 mirroring, 15253 overimitation by children, 188, 188n role in bonding process, 27479 stimulus enhancement versus, 18490 true imitation, 18990 India, free-ranging dogs in, 8384, 11718 individuality genetic differences and, 5155 of humans versus dogs, 89 infants, human attachment in, 43 bonding and, 26769, 277 cuteness of, 264 developmental stages, 43, 14144, 146 facial recognition by, 14243 gaze following in, 150 imitation of smile, 143, 173, 277 motherese and, 9596 object permanence and, 17879 overimitation by, 188, 188n visual perception in, 142 see also children children instincts, 23637 intelligence, 175207 brain size and, 89, 44 counting ability, 16366, 210 dog intelligence tests, 17581 learning from others, 176, 18183 linguistic ability in, 9495, 9697 problem solving, 4445, 17581 tool use and, 4445, 177
see also animal cognition; physical cognition; social cognition animal cognition; physical cognition; social cognition invisible displacement, test of, 17778 in-your-face attention-getter, 152, 200, 203 irises, 125, 148 Irish setter, 50 Irish terrier, 50 isolation eavesdropping, with video camera, 29192 impact on bonding, 26869 isolation barks, 107 lack of marking and, 116 noise making of dogs and, 118
jackals, 34 Jack Russell, 245 jaguars, 15 joint attention, 58
Kanzi (bon.o.bo), 145n keyboard use, 145n Kipling, Rudyard, 119 kisses, dog, 2931 see also licking licking
Koko (gorilla), 273 komondor, 113
Labrador retriever, 53, 12728, 23738 language barks compared with, 1056 commands. see see commands commands
human use of, 2627, 64, 94
linguistic ability of animals, 9495, 9697, 145n role in memory, 224 vocabulary in, 9697, 145n Larson, Gary, 95 laughter, 1034 learned helplessness, 19n learned optimism/pessimism, 2728
learning, 176, 18183
a.s.sociative, 1011, 16768, 182, 225, 23233, 289 through demonstration, 18690 through imitation, 18386