[1273] Cf. Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, article "Bengal," p. 491 ff., and the references there given to authorities.
[1274] One form of caktism is described (in Hastings, loc.
cit.) as being the general worship of the Mothers of the universe represented as the wives of the G.o.ds.
[1275] _Rig-Veda_, x, 64, 92, 135, 21, 52, 14.
[1276] Ibid., x, 14; ix, 113. However, this t.i.tle is given to Varuna also (x, 14): Yama and Varuna are the two kings whom the dead man sees when he reaches heaven.
[1277] Ibid., x, 10, 13, 14 (cf. Atharva-Veda, xviii, 13).
[1278] Hillebrandt, _Vedische Mythologie_, i, 394 ff., but only for the Indo-Iranian period.
[1279] _Rig-Veda_, x, 64.
[1280] Cf. Muller, _Lectures on the Science of Language_, second series, p. 534 f.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 314; Bergaigne, _La religion vedique_, ii, 94, note 3; Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. xxii. Cf. the Egyptian conception of Osiris (Maspero, _Dawn of Civilisation_, p.
195).
[1281] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 80; other examples are given in W. Ellis"s _Polynesian Researches_, i, chap. v, and Tylor, op. cit., ii, 312 ff.
[1282] Ellis, loc. cit.; Dorsey, _The Skidi p.a.w.nee_, p. 6.
[1283] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 128 ff.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, -- 77; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, Index, s.v. _Yama_; and see the references in these works to other authors.
[1284] _Jewish Encyclopaedia_, articles "Adam" and "Adam Kadmon"; _Koran_, ii, 29 ff.; cf. 1 Cor. xv, 45 ff.
[1285] See above. ---- 67 ff., 82.
[1286] On the relation between the two "first ancestors,"
Yama and Manu, cf. Bloomfield, op. cit., p. 140 f.
[1287] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 379 ff.
[1288] Tiele-Gehrich, _Geschichte der Religion im Altertum_, vol. ii, part i.
[1289] See above, -- 703. Cf. articles by L. H. Mills in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vols. xx and xxi; L. H. Gray, in _Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft_, vii (1904), p. 345.
[1290] _Records of the Past_, vols. v, ix.
[1291] Many lesser divine beings are mentioned by Spiegel (in _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 66 ff.); the advance to a real monotheistic cult was not achieved in Persia without many generations of struggle.
[1292] Cf. the similar process in the Arabian treatment of the jinn (W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, new ed., p. 122 f.).
[1293] Cf. A. V. Williams Jackson, _Zoroaster_, and his sketch in Geiger and Kuhn"s _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_; D. Menant, _Zoroaster d"apres la tradition parsie_, in _Annales du Musee Guimet_, vol x.x.x.
[1294] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chaps. i and iii; pp. 62 ff., 112 f., 129 f.
[1295] With this conception we may compare the similar principles in the Vedic and Mazdean systems.
[1296] The all-controlling order, as is remarked above, is that of the universe, which furnishes the norm for human life; but in the universe the grandest object is heaven.
[1297] Legge, in _Sacred Books of the East_, x.x.xix, xl; De Groot, _Religious System of China_, and his smaller works, _Religion of the Chinese_ and _Development of Religion in China_.
[1298] W. E. Griffis, _Religions of j.a.pan_; E. Buckley, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed.; Aston, _Shinto_; Knox, _Development of Religion in j.a.pan_; Longford, _The Story of Old j.a.pan_, chap. ii.
[1299] Whether the worship of ancestors, now so important an element of the national life, is native or borrowed is uncertain.
[1300] W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, new ed., p.
13 ff.
[1301] Compare Baethgen, _Beitrage sur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_, p. 262 f.
[1302] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_; id., _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and a.s.syria_; Jeremias, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_; Zimmern, article "Babylonians and a.s.syrians" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, i, part ii, 2d book. In our survey of Babylonian deities the question of Sumerian influence may be left out of the account.
[1303] Compare Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 481; id., _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and a.s.syria_, pp. 23, 45, 121.
[1304] Ezek. viii, 16.
[1305] Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 82. The Babylonian and a.s.syrian triads were loosely constructed, and had, apparently, no significance for the local and royal cults. In this regard they differed from the Egyptian triads and enneads, which were highly elaborated and organised (Maspero, _Dawn of Civilisation_, p. 104 ff.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p.
56.; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p.
29).
[1306] Cf. article "Astarte" (by Ed. Meyer) in Roscher, _Lexikon_.
[1307] For the cuneiform material see Delitzsch, _a.s.syrisches Handworterbuch_, and, for various etymologies proposed for the name, Barton, _Semitic Origins_, p. 102 ff.; Haupt, in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxviii, 112 ff.; Barton, ibid., x.x.xi, 355 ff. The frequent expression _ilani u ishtarati_, "G.o.ds and G.o.ddesses,"
suggests that the original sense of _ishtar_ is simply "a deity"; it is not probable that a proper name would become a common noun and have a plural; cf. the treatment of the t.i.tle _ilu_, "a G.o.d."
[1308] As the t.i.tle _bel_, "lord," became the proper name of a particular G.o.d, so the t.i.tle _ishtar_, "mistress," "lady,"
might become the proper name of a particular G.o.ddess; in neither case is the detailed history of the process known to us.
[1309] They were probably local "lords"; in Moab Ashtar was combined with a deity called Kemosh, of whom nothing is known except that he was a Moabite national G.o.d (cf. G. F.
Moore, article "Chemosh" in _Encyclopaedia Biblica_). For a different view of Ashtar and Athtar see Barton, _Semitic Origins_, Index, s.vv. _Chemosh_, _Athtar_; he regards these deities as transformations of the mother-G.o.ddess Ashtart.
[1310] Baethgen, _Beitrage zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_, p. 66 ff.; Jeremias, "Syrien und Phonizien" (in Saussaye"s _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_).
[1311] Rawlinson, _History of Phoenicia_; Pietschmann, _Geschichte der Phonizier_; Jeremias, op. cit.
[1312] Article "Esmun" in Roscher"s _Lexikon_; article in _Orientalische Studien Noldeke gewidmet_. Of the vague group known as the Kabiri (the "great ones," seven in number, with Eshmun as eighth) we have little information; on the diffusion of their cult in Grecian lands see Roscher, op.
cit., article "Megaloi Theoi."
[1313] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, pp. 21 ff., 45 ff.; W. R. Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, chap. vi, note 8; chap. viii, note 2; article "Dusares" in the _Anthropological Essays presented to F. W.
Putnam_.
[1314] Mordmann, _Himyarische Inschriften_; Mordmann and Muller, _Sabaische Denkmaler_; Barton, _Semitic Origins_, p.
127 ff.
[1315] His original seat is uncertain; by some scholars he is regarded as an old North Semitic deity, but the grounds for this view are not convincing. The occurrences of the name outside of the Hebrew region throw little or no light on his origin. Cf. Delitzsch, _Paradies_; Baudissin, _Studien sur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_; Barton, _Semitic Origins_, chap. vii.
[1316] On his position in the seventh century cf. W. F.