Langdon, "Babylonian Eschatology," in _Essays in Modern Theology and Related Subjects_ (the C. A. Briggs Memorial).
[140] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 175.
[141] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 83 ff.
[142] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_; Callaway, _Amazulus_, pp. 12, 151 f.; W. Ellis, _Madagascar_, i, 393 (cf. J. Sibree, _Madagascar_, p. 312); A. B. Ellis, _The E?e_, p. 107 f., and _The Tshi_, p. 156 ff.; M. Kingsley, _Travels_, pp. 461, 480; R. B. Dixon, _The Shasta_, p. 469.
[143] Williams, _Fiji_, p. 194.
[144] Ezek. x.x.xii, 23, 27; Isa. xiv, 15.
[145] Jastrow, op. cit., p. 601; Ezek. x.x.xii.
[146] _Iliad_, xxiii, 71.
[147] Jastrow, op. cit., p. 602; _Iliad_, i, 3 ff.; 2 Sam.
xxi, 10; Prov. x.x.x, 17.
[148] Hence special desire for sons, who were the natural persons to perform funeral rites for fathers.
[149] So also Plato, _Gorgias_, 80 (524).
[150] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 110.
[151] Marillier, _La survivance de l"ame_.
[152] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, chap. ix.
[153] Marillier, op. cit.
[154] Smith, _Virginia_, p. 36.
[155] Will and Spinden, _The Mandans_ (_Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology_, Harvard University), p. 133.
[156] So among the Betsileos and the Zulus (Marillier, op.
cit.)
[157] So in Madagascar. Cf. Ezek. x.x.xii, 18 ff.; Isa. xiv, 4 ff.
[158] _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv, 312 f.
[159] S. St. John, _The Far East_, 2d ed., i, 182 f.; cf., i, 184.
[160] Marillier, op. cit. Here suicide appears to be regarded as a heroic act, and the women in question perish in doing a service to the tribe.
[161] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 261; Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Future Life_; Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, ii, 271 ff.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 83 ff.
[162] Castren, _Finnische Mythologie_, p. 126; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 259; Lawes, "New Guinea," in _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, viii, 370; Rochas, _Nouvelle Caledonie_ (_Bulletin de la Societe d"anthropologie_, 1860), p. 280; Lister, _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xxi, 51; Dixon, op. cit., p. 262; Muller, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 289 (Brazil).
[163] See Westermarck, loc. cit.
[164] Hawkins, _Creek Country_, p. 80.
[165] For details on this point see L. Marillier, _La survivance de l"ame_.
[166] Williams and Calvert, _Fiji_, p. 193 f.
[167] _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, 1842, p. 172, and 1852, p. 211; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 530 f.
[168] Sepulchral inscriptions of Tabnit and Eshmunazar, and the inscriptions of Antipatros (_Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, vol. i, part i, p. 9 ff.; Lidzbarski, _Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik_, part ii, pl. iv, 1, 2; part i, p. 117; Rawlinson, _Phoenicia_, p. 394 f.).
[169] Breasted, _Egypt_, p. 173 ff.; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 252; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp.
336, 380, 443; _Texts of Taoism_, ed. J. Legge, ii, 6 f. (in _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. 40); Legge, _Religions of China_, p. 82; De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, pp. 6, 25, 54, 70 ff., 117; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 158 ff.; Plato, _Republic_, 614 (story of Er); Book of Enoch pa.s.sim.
[170] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, chap. xv; Will and Spinden, _The Mandans_, p. 133; Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 261; _Rig-Veda_, i, 356; vii, 104. Cf. article "Blest, abode of the" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[171] Tartarus is as far below Hades as the earth is below the sky (_Iliad_, viii, 16).
[172] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 379 ff.
[173] Wiedemann, _Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality_, p. 50 f.; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 183 ff.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 64, 173 ff. Different conceptions, however, appear in different stages of eschatological thought. Probably the older view was that all the dead descended to the Underworld. According to another view, the good ascended to heaven and accompanied the sun on his daily voyage over the heavenly ocean.
[174] _Revue archeologique_, 1903, and Reinach, _Orpheus_ (Eng. tr.), p. 88 f.
[175] _Gorgias_, 523-526; _Republic_, x, 614; _Laws_, x, 904 f.; _Phaedo_, 113 f.
[176] Isa. lxv, 17-21; lxvi, 24; Enoch, x, 12-22.
[177] Enoch, xxii.
[178] Enoch, civ, 6; xcix, 11.
[179] _Secrets of Enoch_, chaps. vii-x. For the third heaven cf. 2 Cor. xii, 2-4. Varro also (quoted in Augustine, _De Civ. Dei_, vii, 6) a.s.signed the souls of the dead to a celestial s.p.a.ce beneath the abode of the G.o.ds.
[180] Matt. xxv, 46; 1 Thess. iv, 17; 2 Pet. ii, 4; iii, 13; Rev. xx, 15; xxi, 1; 2 Cor. xii, 2-4.
[181] See, for example, the _Revelation of the Monk of Evesham_, Eng. tr. by V. Paget (New York, 1909).
[182] _Republic_, x, 614.
[183] Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopadie_, Index, s.v.
_Fegfeuer_; _Jewish Encyclopedia_, article "Purgatory."
[184] American Indians (H. C. Yarrow, _Introduction to the Study of Mortuary Customs among the North American Indians_, p. 5 ff.); Egypt (Wilkinson, _The Ancient Egyptians_, chap.
x); see article "Funerailles" in _La Grande Encyclopedie_.
Grant Allen, in _The Evolution of the Idea of G.o.d_, chap.
iii, connects the idea of bodily resurrection with the custom of inhumation and the idea of immortality with cremation, but this view is not borne out by known facts.
[185] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed., i, 262, 278.