[1410] See below, Chapter vii. Here, again, Mazdaism forms an exception, resembling the Semitic scheme rather than the Hindu.
[1411] A partial exception is found in the comparatively late movement from the south of Arabia over into Africa (Abessinia, Ethiopia).
[1412] On the characteristics of the various great religions see Hegel, _Religionsphilosphe_; Santayana, _Reason in Religion_ (vol. iii of _The Life of Reason_); E. Caird, _Evolution of Religion_; R. B. Perry, _Approach to Philosophy_; S. Johnson, _Oriental Religions_; J. F. Clarke, _Ten Great Religions_; S. Reinach, _Orpheus_. See below, Chapter ix.
[1413] But a certain substratum is usually a.s.sumed, no attempt being made to account for its existence.
[1414] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, chaps. viii-x; Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, Index, s.vv. _Myth_, _Mythology_; Lang, _Custom and Myth_, and _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_; articles "Mythologie" in _La Grande Encyclopedie_, and "Mythology" in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 11th ed.
[1415] Belief in miracles, which is found in some higher religions, may here be left out of the account as belonging in a separate category.
[1416] Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chaps. ii-iv.
[1417] So with the theory of universal borrowing from one center advocated by Stucken (_Astralmythen_), Winckler (_Himmels- und Weltensbild der Babylonier als Grundlage der Weltanschauung und Mythologle aller Volker_), Jeremias (_Das Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients_), Jensen (_Das Gilgamesch Epos_), and others.
[1418] Cf. article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1419] -- 225 ff.
[1420] _catapatha Brahmana_, xi, 1, 6, 1.
[1421] R. B. Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 335 f.
[1422] Spiegel (_Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 144) ascribes to the Eranians the conception of creation out of nothing. See also the Hawaiian representation of the origin of all things from the primeval void, and the orderly sequence of the various forms of life.
[1423] A. Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ chap. vi ff.
[1424] See, for example, the two accounts of creation in the Book of Genesis. In the earlier account (chap. ii) the procedure of Yahweh is mechanical, and things do not turn out as he intended; in the later account (chap. i) there is no mention of a process--it is the divine word that calls the world into being.
[1425] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 263.
[1426] See R. Andree, _Die Flutsagen_; article "Flood" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.
[1427] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 37; cf. Dorsey, _The Skidi p.a.w.nee_, p. 14 ff.
[1428] Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, p. 57 f.; cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 335.
[1429] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, pp. 3, 4, 100, 138.
[1430] Gen. v; vi, 4; Herodotus, iii, 23; Roscher, _Lexikon_, s.v. _Giganten_; cf. Tylor, op. cit., i, 385 ff.; Brinton, _American Hero-Myths_, p. 88.
[1431] Brinton, _Religions of Primitive Peoples_, p. 126 f.; Maspero, _Dawn_, p. 158; Gen. ii, iii; _Avesta, Vendidad_, Fargard ii; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, i, 463 ff.; Windischmann, _Zoroastrische Studien_, p. 19 ff.; Hopkins, in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (September, 1910), pp. 362, 366; article "Hesperiden" in Roscher"s _Lexikon_; commentaries of Kalisch, Dillmann, Driver, Skinner, and others on Gen. ii, iii; _Jewish Encyclopaedia_, s.v. _Paradise_; Delitzsch, _Wo lag das Paradies?_ On the character of the abode of the Babylonian Parnapishtim see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, pp. 488, 496.
[1432] 2 Pet. iii, 7, contrast with the old destruction by water; Hindu eschatology.
[1433] The Norse myth of "the twilight of the G.o.ds" has perhaps been colored, in its latest form, by Christian eschatology.
[1434] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 421; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 161; H. Warren, _Buddhism in Translations_, p. 315 ff.
[1435] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 63 ff.
[1436] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. i.
[1437] Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, chap. i.
[1438] Maspero, _Dawn_, p. 128 f.
[1439] _Aitareya Brahmana_, iv, 27.
[1440] Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 279; cf. Turner, _Samoa_, p.
198.
[1441] Gruppe, _Griechische Culte und Mythen_. Cf. the birth-myth in Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 71.
[1442] So Heracles, Achilles, aeneas, and the heroes mentioned in Gen. vi, 4.
[1443] Gen. ii, 7.
[1444] So in Polynesia, North America, China, ancient Greece, and among the Hebrews.
[1445] As, for example, the Hebrews (Deut. x.x.xii, 8 f.)
[1446] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 119 ff.; Taylor, _New Zealand_, chap. xiv and p. 325; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 3 ff.; J. G. Muller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_, pp. 33 ff., 179 ff., -- 61.
[1447] So the Hindu Manu (man), or Father Manu (_Rig-Veda_, ii, 33, 13), is the progenitor of the human race. Cf. the "first man," Yama. For the Old-Persian genealogical scheme see Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, i, 473, 500 ff.
[1448] Deut. x.x.xii.
[1449] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 156 ff.; Reville, _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, p. 64; Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, p. 264, and _American Hero-Myths_, pp. 186 f., 195 ff.; cf. R. B. Brehm, _Das Inka-Reich_, p.
24 ff.
[1450] Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 89.
[1451] Gen. iv, 16 ff.
[1452] Gen. vi, 1, 2, 4 (verse 3 is an interpolation).
[1453] Herodotus, v, 57 f.; Roscher, _Lexikon_, s.v.
_Kadmos_.
[1454] _Rig-Veda_, i, 93, 6.
[1455] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 49 ff.
[1456] In the story in Genesis (ii, 17; iii, 5, 22-24) there is a trace of such jealousy; and it is by violation of the command of the deity that man attains the knowledge of good and evil.
[1457] L. Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. xxv (and cf.
chap. xxvi).