[Image: Cross] ABRAHAM, Bishop of Ossory.
NOTE H.
TULLY AND THE WOODFORD EVICTIONS.
(Vol. ii. p. 149.)
Since the first edition of this book was published certain "evictions"
mentioned in it as impending on the Clanricarde estates have been carried out. I have no reason to suppose that there was more or less reason for carrying out these evictions than there usually is, not in Ireland only, but all over the civilised world, for a resort by the legal owners of property to legal means of recovering the possession of it from persons who fail to comply with the terms on which it was put into their keeping. Whether this failure results from dishonesty or from misfortune is a consideration not often allowed, I think, to affect the right of the legal owner of the property concerned to his legal remedy in any other country but Ireland, nor even in Ireland in the case of any property other than property in land. But as what I learned on the spot touching the general condition of the Clanricarde tenants, and touching the conduct and character of Lord Clanricarde"s agent, Mr. Tener, led me to take a special interest in these evictions, I asked him to send me some account of them. In reply he gave me a number of interesting details.
The only serious attempt at resisting the execution of the law was made by "Dr." Tully, one of the leading local "agitators," to the tendency of whose harangues judicial reference was made during the investigation into the case of Mr. Wilfrid Blunt. Tully had a holding of seventeen acres at a rent of 2, 10s., the Government valuation being 4. He earned a good livelihood as a boat-builder, and he had put up a slated house on his holding. But in November 1884 he chose to stop paying the very low rent at which he held his place, and he has paid no rent since that time. As is stated in a footnote on page 153, vol. ii. of this book, a decree was granted against Tully by Judge Henn for three years"
rent due in May 1887, and his equity of redemption having expired July 9, 1888, this recourse was had to the law against him.
As the leading spirit of the agitation, Tully had put a garrison into his house of twelve men and two women. He had dug a ditch around it, taken out the window-sashes, filled up the cas.e.m.e.nts and the doorways with stones and trunks of trees. Portholes had been pierced under the roof, through which the defenders might thrust red-hot pikes, pitchforks, and other weapons, and empty pails of boiling water upon the a.s.sailants. A brief parley took place. Tully refused to make any offer of a settlement unless the agent would agree to reinstate all the evicted tenants, to which Mr. Tener replied that he would recognise no "combination," but was ready to deal with every tenant fairly and individually. Finally the Sheriff ordered his men to take the place.
Ladders were planted, and while some of the constables, under the protection of a shield covered with zinc, a sort of Roman _testudo_, worked at removing the earthern ramparts, others nimbly climbed to the roof and began to break in from above. In their excitement the garrison helped this forward by breaking holes through the roof themselves to get at the attacking party, and in about twenty minutes the fortress was captured, and the inmates were prisoners. Two constables were burned by the red-hot pikes, the gun of another was broken to pieces by a huge stone, and a fourth was slightly wounded by a fork. One of the defenders got a sword-cut; and Tully was brought forth as one too severely wounded to walk. Upon investigation, however, the surgeon refused to certify that he was unable to undergo the ordinary imprisonment in such cases made and provided.
The collapse of the resistance at this central point was followed by a general surrender.
After the capture of Tully"s house, Mr. Tener writes to me, "I found it being gutted by his family, who would have carried it away piecemeal.
They had already taken away the flooring of one of the rooms." Thereupon Mr. Tener had the house pulled down, with the result of seeing a statement made in a leading Nationalist paper that he was "evicting the tenants and pulling down their houses."
"Yesterday," Mr. Tener writes to me on the 9th of September, "I walked twenty-five miles, visiting thirty farms about Portumna. Except in two or three cases, the tenants have ample means, and part of the live stock alone on the farms, exclusive of the crops, would suffice to pay all the rents I had demanded. On the farms recently "evicted," I found treble the amount of the rent due in live stock alone."
As to one case of these recent evictions, I found it stated in an Irish journal that a young man, who had been ill of consumption for two years, the son of a tenant, was removed from the house, the local physician refusing to certify that he was unfit for removal, and that he died a few days afterwards. The implication was obvious, and I asked Mr. Tener for the facts.
He replied, "This young man, John Fahey, was in consumption, but did not appear to be in any danger. Dr. Carte, an Army surgeon, examined him, and said there was no immediate danger. The day was fine and he walked about wrapped in a comfortable coat, and talked with me and others. His father, a respectable man, made no attempt to defend his house; and at his request, after the crowd had gone away, my man in charge permitted the invalid and the family to reoccupy the house temporarily because of his illness. There was no inquest, and no need of any, after his death.
His father, Patrick Fahey, had means to pay, but told me he "could not,"
which meant he "dared not." I went to him personally twice, and sent him many messages. But the terror of the League was upon the poor man.
"An interesting case is that of Michael Fahey, of Dooras. In 1883 his rent was judicially reduced about 5 per cent., from 33 to 31, 5s. His house and all about it is substantial and comfortable. His father, about thirty years ago, fought for a whole night and bravely beat off a party of "Terry-Alts," the "Moonlighters" of that day. For his courage the Government presented him with a gun, of which the son is very proud.
Pity he did not inherit the pluck with the gun of his parent!
"I had been privately told that this tenant would pay; but that he would first produce a doctor"s certificate that his old mother could not be moved. He did give the Sheriff a carefully worded doc.u.ment to show this, but it was so vague that I objected to its being received by the Sheriff. Upon this (not before! mark the craft of even a well-disposed Irish tenant in those evil days), I was asked to go into the house. I went in and entered the parlour. There the tenant told me he would pay the year"s rent and the costs, amounting to 50. He had risen from his seat to fetch the money, when, lo! Father Egan (the priest upon whose head the widow of the murdered Finlay called down the curse of G.o.d in the open street of Woodford) appeared in the doorway. He had come in on a pretence of seeing the old mother of the tenant, who had (for that occasion) taken to her bed. The bedroom lay beyond the parlour, and was entered from it. The tenant actually shook with fear as Father Egan pa.s.sed through, and I thought all hope of a settlement gone, when suddenly the officer of the police came in, pa.s.sed into the bedroom, and told Father Egan he must withdraw. This Father Egan refused to do, whereupon the officer said very quietly, "I shall remove you forthwith if you do not go out quietly." Upon this Father Egan hastily left. The tenant then went into the bedroom and soon reappeared with the 50 in bank-notes, which he paid me. All this was dramatic enough. But the comedy was next performed in front of the house, where all could see it, of handing to the Sheriff the alleged doctor"s certificate, and of my saying aloud that "in the circ.u.mstances" I had no objection to his receiving it! After this all the forces proceeded to take their luncheon on the green bank sloping down to the Shannon in front of the farm-house. There is a fine orchard on the place, and it recalled to me some of the farms I saw in Virginia.
"I had gone into the house again, and was standing near the fire in the kitchen, where some of my escort were taking their luncheon. It is a large kitchen, and perhaps a dozen people were in it, when in came Father Egan again and called to the tenant Fahey, "Put out those policemen, and do not suffer one of them to remain."
"The sergeant instantly said, "We are here on duty, Father Egan, and if you dare to try to intimidate this tenant, I shall either put you out or arrest you."
""Yes," I interposed, looking at the sergeant, "you are certainly here on duty, and in the name of the law, and it is sad to see a clergyman here in the interest of an illegal, criminal, and rebellious movement, and of the immoral Plan of Campaign."
""Oh!" exclaimed Father Egan, "the opinion of the agent of the Marquis of Clanricarde is valuable, truly!"
""I give you," I said, "not my opinion, but the opinion of Dr. Healy and Dr. O"Dwyer, bishops of your Church, and men worthy of all respect and reverence. And I am sorry to know that some ecclesiastics deserve no respect, but that at their doors lies the main responsibility for the misery and the crime which afflict our unhappy country. I feel sure a just G.o.d will punish them in due time."
"Father Egan made no reply, but paused a moment, and then walked out of the house.
"At the next house, that of Dennis Fahey, we found a still better dwelling. Here we had another mock certificate, but we received the rent with the costs."
NOTE H2.
BOYCOTTING THE DEAD.
(Vol. ii. p. 151.)
The following official account sent to me (July 24) of an affair in Donegal, the result of the gospel of "Boycotting" taught in that region, needs and will bear no comment.
Patrick Cavanagh came to reside at Clonmany, County Donegal, about two months ago, as caretaker on some evicted farms. He died on Wednesday evening, June 20th, having received the full rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The people had displayed no ill-will towards him during his brief residence at Clonmany, and on the evening of his death his body was washed and laid out by some women. On Thursday two townsmen dug his grave, where pointed out by Father Doherty, P.P.
The first symptom of change of feeling was that on Thursday every carpenter applied to had some excuse for not making a coffin for the body of deceased. On Friday morning the grave was found to be filled with stones, and a deputation waited on Father Doherty to protest against Cavanagh"s burial in the chapel graveyard. He told them to go home and mind their business. About 10.30 A.M. on Friday the chapel bell was rung--not tolled or rung as for service, but faster. The local sergeant of police went to the cemetery; when he arrived there the tolling ceased. He then went to Father Doherty, who told those present that their conduct was such as to render them unfit for residence anywhere but in a savage country. He told them to go to their homes, and advised them to allow the corpse to be buried in the grave he had marked out. After Father Doherty had left, the people condemned his interference, and said they would not allow any stranger to be buried in the graveyard. When Constable Brady put it to those present that their real objection did not lie in the fact that Cavanagh had been a stranger, he was not contradicted.
The body was ultimately buried at Carndonagh on Sat.u.r.day, several people remaining in the graveyard at Clonmany all through the night (Friday) till the body was taken to Carndonagh for burial.
At Carndonagh Petty Sessions, on the 18th July 1888, Con. Doherty and Owen Doherty, with five others, were prosecuted for unlawful a.s.sembly on the occasion above referred to. The first two named, who were the ringleaders, were convicted, and sentenced to six weeks" imprisonment each with hard labour; the charges against the remainder were dismissed.
NOTE I.
POST-OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS.
(Vol. i. p. 117; vol. ii. pp. 5, 12, 66, 95, 200, 248.)
As the Post-Office Savings Banks represent the smaller depositors, and command special confidence among them even in the disturbed districts, I print here an official statement showing the balances due to depositors in the undermentioned offices, situated in certain of the most disturbed regions I visited, on the 31st December of the years 1880 and 1887 respectively:--
+-----------------+-----------------+---------------+OFFICE.1880.1887.+-----------------+-----------------+---------------+s. d.s. d.Bunbeg,1,270 6 71,206 18 2Falcarragh,62 15 10494 10 8Gorey,3,690 14 45,099 5 7Inch,[A] 8 11 0209 7 5Killorglin,282 15 91,299 2 6Loughrea,5,500 19 96,311 4 11Mitchelstown,1,387 13 22,846 9 3Portumna,2,539 10 113,376 5 4Sixmilebridge,382 17 10934 13 4Stradbally,1,812 14 82,178 18 2Woodford,259 14 61,350 17 11Youghal,3,031 0 77,038 7 2+-----------------+-----------------+---------------+ [A] This Office was not opened for Savings Bank business until the year 1881, the amount shown being balance due on the 31st December 1882.
It appears from this table that the deposits in these Savings Banks increased in the aggregate from 20,329, 15s. 11d. in 1880 to 32,347, 9s. 7d. in 1887, or almost 60 per cent, in seven years. They fell off in only one case, at Bunbeg, and there only to a nominal amount. At Youghal they much more than doubled, increasing about 133 per cent. Yet in all these places the Plan of Campaign has been invoked "because the people were penniless and could not pay their debts!"
NOTE K.
THE COOLGREANY EVICTIONS.
(Vol. ii. p. 216.)
Captain Hamilton sends me the following graphic account of this affair at Coolgreany:--
In the _Freeman"s Journal_ of the 16th December 1886, it is reported that a meeting of the Brooke tenantry, the Rev. P. O"Neill in the chair, was held at Coolgreany on the Sunday previous to the 15th December 1886, the date on which the "Plan of Campaign" was adopted on the estate, at which it was resolved that if I refused the terms offered they would join the "Plan."
I had no conference at Freeman"s house or anywhere else at any time with two parish priests. On the 15th December 1886, when seated in Freeman"s house waiting to receive the rents, four priests, a reporter of the _Freeman"s Journal_, some local reporters, and four of the tenants rushed into the room; and the priests in the rudest possible manner (the Rev. P. Farrelly, one of them, calling me "Francy Hyne"s hangman," and other terms of abuse) informed me that unless I re-instated a former Roman Catholic tenant in a farm which he had previously held, and which was then let to a Protestant, and gave an abatement of 30 per cent., no rent would be paid _me_ that day. Dr. Dillon, C.C., was not present on this occasion, or, if so, I do not remember seeing him.