Jonah"s Gourd Vine.
A Novel.
Zora Neale Hurston.
With a Foreword by Rita Dove.
and An Afterword by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
To Bob Wunsch.
Who is one of the long-wingded angels.
Right round the throne.
Go gator and muddy the water.
FOREWORD.
"You laks dat ole train Ah see," the Negro said to John, watching him as he all but fell down into the railroad cut, trying to keep sight of the tail of the train.
"Yeah, man Ah lakted dat. It say something but Ah ain"t heered it "nough tuh tell whut it say yit. You know whut it say?"
"It don"t say nothin". It jes" make uh powerful racket, da.s.s all."
"Naw, it say some words too. Ahm comin" heah pleny mo" times and den Ah tell yuh whut it say."
When the publishing house of J. B. Lippincott inquired if the author of the short story "The Gilded Six Bits" was working on a novel, Zora Neale Hurston took paper and pencil and headed for home. She rented a room in Sanford, Florida, next door to the all-black town where she had grown up, and began to write Jonah"s Gourd Vine. In October 1933, a scant four months later, the ma.n.u.script was accepted for publication.
Jonah"s Gourd Vine takes the cla.s.sic form of the Bildungsroman: John, an unlettered but determined young man, ventures forth to make his fortune. What he learns of the world and his own nature form the trajectory of his life and the novel.
Like those of many black Americans, John"s origins are murky. His mother Amy bears him while working on Alf Pearson"s farm; she marries Ned Crittenden and moves to the other side of Big Creek. Ned, who was raised a slave, despises John for what he represents-for there is every indication that John is the illegitimate son of the white judge.
Even as a young man, John is aware of the power of utterance. His fear of the first locomotive he sees is quickly replaced by the desire to understand it. And though he never learns to speak to his own soul, he is fascinated by the infinite variety of nature"s music: ...John sat on the foot-log and made some words to go with the drums of the Creek. Things walked in the birch woods, creep, creep, creep. The hound dog"s lyric crescendo lifted over and above the tree tops. He was on the foot-log, half way across the Big Creek where maybe people laughed and maybe people had lots of daughters. The moon came up. The hunted c.o.o.n panted down to the Creek...[t]he tenor-singing hound dog went home. Night pa.s.sed. No more Ned, no hurry. No telling how many girls might be living on the new and shiny side of the Big Creek. John almost trumpeted exultantly at the new sun. He breathed l.u.s.tily. He stripped and carried his clothes across, then recrossed and plunged into the swift water and breasted strongly over.
This pa.s.sage contains all the elements of John"s spirit-his exuberant masculine energy, his gift for language, and his intense relationship between his interior self and the natural world, both his headstrong l.u.s.tiness and his ability for provident forethought. (He carries his clothes across the river, then recrosses before swimming over.) This scene, however, occurs right after his mother"s repeated warning not to swim the Songahatchee and John"s parting promise to her to stop "runnin" and uh rippin" and clambin" trees and rocks and jumpin"." The seeds of his inner conflict are evident.
In an ironic twist recalling the incestuous relationships in the South, John leaves home to find work under Alf Pearson, who remarks, "Your face looks sort of familiar but I can"t place you" before giving him the cast-off clothes of his legitimate son. But when the judge"s wife objects to John driving their coach, he is put to work in the barns.
John, who adopts Pearson as his surname, is an immediate success among the black workers, especially the women: they seduce him right and left. He focuses his attention on the fiery little Lucy Potts, the smartest black girl in the area. Her excellence inspires John to "eat up dat school," and he joins the church when he is told that Lucy sings in the choir. After a determined courtship, Lucy and John become man and wife.
Although John left home at the suggestion of his mother, he soon learns the temptation of flight. Whenever things get sticky, he runs away. And, just as he is able to break a promise to his mother minutes afterward without a second thought, John sees no discrepancy in enjoying a stream of women while swearing to love Lucy body and soul. Even before marriage, John must leave the Pearson place and find work at a logging camp to escape a jealous husband; and though he swears to Lucy that "Ah loves you and you alone," after marriage he still cannot stay away from other women. There is Mehaley and Big "Oman and then Delphine, who comforts John while Lucy lies in labor with their fourth child. When Lucy"s brother takes their marriage bed in partial payment of a debt, John beats him up and is consequently summoned to court. Alf Pearson gives him money along with some "fatherly" advice: "John, distance is the only cure for certain diseases."
John moves to the all-black settlement of Eatonville, Florida (Hurston"s home town) and sends for Lucy. He grows in confidence and takes his place in the community as a man, while Lucy"s energy is taken up by children; all her fierce intelligence is channeled into advising her husband. Together they forge John"s reputation as minister of Zion Hope Church and eventually mayor in the neighboring town of Sanford.
Actually, John"s "disease" is that he is too smooth a talker. He is carried away by his own words, just as he is carried away by his body. His stirring prayers convince him and everyone else at Zion Hope that he has been called to preach, although his wife warns him against confusing talent with commitment: "Lucy, look lak Ah jus" found out whut Ah kin do. De words dat sets de church on fire comes tuh me jus" so. Ah reckon de angels must tell "em tuh me."
"G.o.d don"t call no man, John, and turn "im loose uh fool."
Perhaps his most despicable flight occurs when his younger daughter Isis lies desperately ill; terrified that she will die, he runs into the arms of another woman until she recovers. (Ironically, later it is the nine-year-old Isis who stands by her dying mother.) John returns, shamefaced, with gifts for Lucy-a new dress and a pineapple-that seem as blasphemous as they are ludicrous.
The procession of women continues until John meets Hattie Tyson, who enjoins the aid of a conjure woman to keep him at her side. Lucy"s sound advice grows wearisome to him, and her cautious inquiries into his infidelities finally enrage him. Remembering John"s poor track record with promises, it is with foreboding that we hear him swear to Lucy: "Li"l Bit, Ah ain"t never laid de weight uh mah hand on you in malice." When Lucy falls ill, John continues to see other women, and Lucy makes a decisive p.r.o.nouncement on John"s sin-now-atone-later att.i.tude: "You can"t clean yo"self wid yo" tongue lak uh cat." Stung by the truth, John slaps her. She turns her face to the wall, withdrawing her support from him, and dies.
This act of malice, which hastens Lucy"s death, is the worm that cuts down the great vine: And the Lord G.o.d appointed a plant, and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to save him from this discomfort. So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the plant. But when dawn came up the next day, G.o.d appointed a worm which attacked the plant, so that it withered.
Jonah 4: 67 Indeed, John Pearson is a rapidly growing vine, and everything he touches blossoms under his hand: he is a favorite with the women, he is popular with the men, he is a good worker and a gifted storyteller, and finally, as minister and mayor, he becomes both a spiritual and a community leader. His philandering ways do not seem to slow him down until he commits the ghastly sin of striking his wife on her deathbed.
The worm, however, could also be Hattie, who is willing to use magic more compelling than feminine wiles to topple the preacher. John marries Hattie, and beats her after discovering that he"s been "conjured." When Hattie slyly pleads her case before Deacon Harris (who is jealous of John"s successes with women), Harris a.s.sures her, "Ah"d cut down dat Jonah"s gourd vine in a uh minute, if Ah had ail de say-so." When she files for divorce, John does not confute her testimony.
The worm of malice burrows through the church community. Long uneasy about the preacher"s philanderings, the congregation of Zion Hope plans to dethrone him. On the day of reckoning, John preaches the sermon of his life.
John"s final sermon is taken nearly verbatim from Hurston"s field notes on a country preacher. It is a meditation on martyrdom and heroism, reflecting John"s position before the church; after a brief rhapsodic digression on the creation of earth, he zeroes in on Jesus, come on his "train of mercy" to save mankind. In John"s depiction of the Resurrection, the train of mercy turns into the "d.a.m.nation train," which in a bizarre but effective conclusion is derailed when the cow-catcher rams into Jesus"s side. Final Judgment is pictured as a convention where "de two trains of Time shall meet on de trestle."
Surrounded by enemies who had once been friends, bitten through at the root, John steps down from the pulpit and walks out of the church. He decides to earn a living as a carpenter, but his honest efforts fail in the face of the community"s delight in persecuting a fallen idol.
Are we to sympathize with John as a victim of malicious ill-wishers, or condemn him for his despicable conduct toward his wife? Since Hattie has a spell put on him, is he to blame for his actions at all?
If we look at the Biblical story of Jonah and the vine, John"s "case" becomes clearer: the prophet has predicted the fall of the great city of Nineveh, upon which its inhabitants repent by fasting and covering themselves in sackcloth and ashes. Moved to pity, the Lord revokes his sentence, and Jonah takes to the hills to sulk. After G.o.d has caused the vine to wither, he orders the sun to beat down until Jonah bemoans the loss of shade and exclaims that he is "angry enough to die." The Lord replies: "You pity the plant, for which you did not labor, nor did you make it grown, which came into being in a night, and perished in a night. And should not I pity Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons who do not know their right hand from their left, and also much cattle?"
Jonah 4:1011 Sudden growth-fame achieved without thought or labor-must maintain a precarious balance. Perhaps John"s fatal flaw is his inability to listen to himself and consequently his reluctance to put any effort into changing his ways. Unable to accept responsibility for his actions, he either runs away or "licks himself clean" with fast talking. Even the heaped-on tribulations that follow Lucy"s death fail to lead him to an understanding of his selfishness: all he can see is the hypocrisy of others. And when Lucy finally returns to him in a dream, he is oblivious to the warning: He killed the snake and carried Lucy across in his arms to where Alf Pearson stood at the cross roads and pointed down a white sh.e.l.l road with his walking cane and said, "Distance is the only cure for certain diseases," and he and Lucy went racing down the dusty white road together. Somehow Lucy got lost from him, but there he was on the road-happy because the dead snake was behind him, but crying in his loneliness for Lucy.
Instead of seeing the dream as a condemning portrait of the pattern of his life, John believes he is meant to leave town-to run away again, and to seek his fortune elsewhere. The proper and rich widow Sally Lovelace takes him in, and John"s luck begin to turn: they marry, his carpentry business picks up, and Zion Hope asks him back. His triumphant homecoming, resplendent in the new car Sally has bought him, brings with it the admiration of his former enemies as well as the irresistible blandishments of a sweet young thing named Ora. In no time at all, John succ.u.mbs to l.u.s.t again; appalled at his weakness, he flees Sanford and heads back to his wife. So sunk in self-recrimination is he that he fails to see an oncoming train. He is killed instantly. A man who does not learn from his mistakes is doomed to repeat them. In many ways, John has cut himself down.
They called for the instrument that they had brought to America in their skins-the drum-and they played upon it.... The drum with the man skin that is dressed with human blood, that is beaten with a human shin-bone and speaks to G.o.ds as a man and to men as a G.o.d.
Does Jonah"s Gourd Vine hold up today, apart from its unquestionable value as a portrait of Southern black life in the first decades of the twentieth century-or does a sympathetic portrait of a philandering preacher seem antiquated as a work of literature, politically retrograde? As his first name attests, John is Everyman, and Pearson is a surname with mult.i.tudinous echoes. In a bitter reference to the lost ancestry of black slaves, he is someone"s (but whose?) son; like that archetypal Son of G.o.d, he is "pierced" by those he has trusted; conversely, he is a man, pierced by Adam"s rib, and his human frailty eventually causes his downfall.
Lucy, on the other hand, is almost a parody of the faithful, betrayed wife: she subordinates her dreams to his ambitions, she is rebuked and dies, the husband remarries, the children get farmed out. And yet no one can take Lucy"s place. She haunts the novel, and her absence is at least as compelling as John"s suffering.
For its time, Zora Neale Hurston"s first novel, produced in four months when the author was forty-two, is a remarkable achievement. Written in the vicinity of her birthplace, Jonah"s Gourd Vine, unsurprisingly, does not stray far from the autobiographical-John and Lucy are based on Hurston"s father and mother, and Lucy"s deathbed scene can be found in its original (with Zora as the nine-year-old daughter) in Hurston"s autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road. What is striking, however, is that this young woman did not make one of the major mistakes of first novelists-sticking too faithfully to the "true story"-but knew how to fashion of her parents" lives a tale of compelling pathos and majesty.
As a work of fiction, Jonah"s Gourd Vine certainly has its flaws: transitions that jog, a little too much "local color." And though Hurston can hardly be blamed for wanting to infuse the text with the fieldwork she had done as an anthropologist, all too often her eloquent commentary stands full-blown and self-contained, interrupting the narrative flow. John"s final sermon is a case in point, for even its masterful train imagery seems too heavy-handed a foreshadowing when the locomotive comes barreling out of the blue, a modern-day deus ex machina, to seal John"s fate.
But Hurston"s language is superb, rich with wordplay and proverbs-not only compelling when it comes to rendering the dialect of the Southern rural black but also as an omniscient narrator who neither indulges nor condemns the actions of her characters but offers the complexity of life in a story that leaves judgment up to the reader. John Pearson is presented as a human being in all his individual paradoxes-troubled and gifted, dignified and lascivious, pure and selfish-and as the exemplification of the country preacher, he is both poet and philosopher. If language is the chief visible sign of human beings" pre-eminence over beasts, then poetry is the purest expression of man"s spiritual quest. Jonah"s Gourd Vine is a glorious paean to the power of the word, an attestation to the promise made in Langston Hughes"s famous 1926 essay, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain": We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn"t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn"t matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves.
RITA DOVE.
CHAPTER 1.
G.o.d was grumbling his thunder and playing the zig-zag lightning thru his fingers.
Amy Crittenden came to the door of her cabin to spit out a wad of snuff. She looked up at the clouds.
"Ole Ma.s.sa gwinter scrub floors tuhday," she observed to her husband who sat just outside the door, reared back in a chair. "Better call dem chaps in outa de cotton patch."
""Tain"t gwine rain," he snorted, "you always talkin" more"n yuh know."
Just then a few heavy drops spattered the hard clay yard. He arose slowly. He was an older middle-age than his years gave him a right to be.
"And eben if hit do rain," Ned Crittenden concluded grudgingly, "ef dey ain"t got sense "nough tuh come in let "em git wet."
"Yeah, but when us lef" de field, you told "em not to come till you call "em. Go "head and call "em "fo" de rain ketch "em."
Ned ignored Amy and shuffled thru the door with the chair, and somehow trod on Amy"s bare foot. ""Oman, why don"t you git outa de doorway? Jes contrary tuh dat. You needs uh good head stompin", da.s.s whut. You sho is one aggervatin" "oman."
Amy flashed an angry look, then turned her face again to the sea of wind-whipped cotton, turned hurriedly and took the cow-horn that hung on the wall and placed it to her lips.
"You John Buddy! You Zeke! You Zachariah! Come in!"
From way down in the cotton patch, "Ya.s.sum! Us comin"!"
Ned shuffled from one end of the cabin to the other, slamming to the wooden shutter of the window, growling between his gums and his throat the while.
The children came leaping in, racing and tumbling in tense, laughing compet.i.tion-the three smaller ones getting under the feet of the three larger ones. The oldest boy led the rest, but once inside he stopped short and looked over the heads of the others, back over the way they had come.
"Shet dat door, John!" Ned bellowed, "you ain"t got the sense you wuz borned wid."
Amy looked where her big son was looking. "Who dat comin" heah, John?" she asked.
"Some white folks pa.s.sin" by, mama. Ahm jes" lookin" tuh see whar dey gwine."
"Come out dat do"way and shet it tight, fool! Stand dere gazin" dem white folks right in de face!" Ned gritted at him. "Yo" brazen ways wid dese white folks is gwinter git you lynched one uh dese days."
"Aw "tain"t," Amy differed impatiently, "who can"t look at ole Beasley? He ain"t no quality no-how."
"Shet dat door, John!" screamed Ned.
"Ah wuzn"t de last one inside," John said sullenly.
"Don"t you gimme no word for word," Ned screamed at him. "You jes" do lak Ah say do and keep yo" mouf shet or Ah"ll take uh trace chain tuh yuh. Yo" mammy mought think youse uh lump uh gold "cause you got uh li"l" white folks color in yo" face, but Ah"ll stomp yo" guts out and dat quick! Shet dat door!"
He seized a lidard knot from beside the fireplace and limped threateningly towards John.
Amy rose from beside the cook pots like a black lioness.
"Ned Crittenden, you raise dat wood at mah boy, and you gointer make uh bad n.i.g.g.e.r outa me."
"Dat"s right," Ned sneered, "Ah feeds "im and clothes "im but Ah ain"t tuh do nothin" tuh dat li"l" yaller G.o.d cep"n wash "im up."
"Dat"s uh big ole resurrection lie, Ned. Uh slew-foot, drag-leg lie at dat, and Ah dare yuh tuh hit me too. You know Ahm uh fightin" dawg and mah hide is worth money. Hit me if you dare! Ah"ll wash yo" tub uh "gator guts and dat quick."
"See dat? Ah ain"t fuh no fuss, but you tryin" tuh start uh great big ole ruction "cause Ah tried tuh chesstize dat youngun."
"Naw, you ain"t tried tuh chesstize "im nothin" uh de kind. Youse tryin" tuh fight "im on de sly. He is jes" ez obedient tuh you and jes" ez humble under yuh, ez he kin be. Yet and still you always washin" his face wid his color and tellin" "im he"s uh b.a.s.t.a.r.d. He works harder"n anybody on dis place. You ain"t givin" "im nothin". He more"n makes whut he gits. Ah don"t mind when he needs chesstizin" and you give it tuh "im, but anytime you tries tuh knock any dese chillun "bout dey head wid sticks and rocks, Ah"ll be right dere tuh back dey fallin". Ahm dey mama."
"And Ahm de pappy uh all but dat one."
"You knowed Ah had "m "fo" yuh married me, and if you didn"t want "im round, whut yuh marry me fuh? Dat ain"t whut you said. You washed "im up jes" lak he wuz gold den. You jes took tuh buckin" "im since you been hangin" round sich ez Beasley and Mimms."
Ned sat down by the crude fireplace where the skillets and spiders (long-legged bread pans with iron cover) sprawled in the ashes.
"Strack uh light, dere, some uh y"all chaps. Hit"s dark in heah."
John obediently thrust a piece of lightwood into the embers and the fire blazed up. He retreated as quickly as possible to the farther end of the cabin.
Ned smoked his strong home-grown tobacco twist for a few minutes. Then he thrust out his feet.
"Pour me some water in dat wash-basin, you chaps, and some uh y"all git de washrag."
There was a scurry and bustle to do his bidding, but the drinking-gourd dropped hollowly in the water bucket. Ned heard it.
""Tain"t no water in dat air water-bucket, Ah"ll bound yuh!" He accused the room and glowered all about him, "House full uh younguns fuh me to feed and close, and heah "tis dust dark and rainin" and not uh drop uh water in de house! Amy, whut kinda "oman is you nohow?"
Amy said nothing. She sat on the other side of the fireplace and heaped fresh, red coals upon the lid of the spider in which the bread was cooking.
"John!" Ned thundered, "git yo" yaller behind up offa dat floor and go git me some water tuh wash mah foots."
"You been tuh de house longer"n he is," Amy said quietly. "You coulda done been got dat water."
"You think Ah"m gwine take uh "nother man"s youngun and feed "im and close "im fuh twelve years and den he too good tuh fetch me uh bucket uh water?" Ned bellowed.
"Iss rainin" out dere, an" rainin" hard," Amy said in the same level tones.
"Da.s.s right," Ned sneered, "John is de house-n.i.g.g.e.r. Ole Marsa always kep" de yaller n.i.g.g.e.rs in de house and give "em uh job totin" silver dishes and goblets tuh de table. Us black n.i.g.g.e.rs is de ones s"posed tuh ketch de wind and de weather."
"Ah don"t want none uh mah chilluns pullin" tuh no spring in uh hard rain. Yo" foots kin wait. Come hawg-killin" time Ah been married tuh you twelve years and Ah done seen yuh let "em wait uh powerful long spell some time. Ah don"t want mah chilluns all stove-up wid uh bad cold from proagin" "round in de rain."
"Ole Ma.r.s.e didn"t ast me of hit wuz rainin" uh snowin" uh hot uh col". When he spoke Ah had tuh move and move quick too, uh git a hick"ry tuh mah back. Dese younguns ain"t uh bit better"n me. Let "em come lak Ah did."
"Naw, Ned, Ah don"t want mine tuh come lak yuh come nor neither lak me, and Ahm uh whole heap younger"n you. You growed up in slavery time. When Old Ma.s.sa wuz drivin" you in de rain and in de col"-he wasn"t don" it tuh he"p you "long. He wuz lookin" out for hisself. Course Ah wuz twelve years old when Lee made de big surrender, and dey didn"t work me hard, but-but dese heah chillun is diffunt from us."