Jose da Silva Lisboa, literary department.
Joao Rodriguez Pereira de Almeida, director of the bank.
----Barboza, police.
Conde de Aseca, head of the board of trade.
Brigadier Carlos Frederico da Cunha, commander-in-chief, &c.
His Royal Highness then proceeded to take the oath for his father, in the following form:--
"I swear, in the name of the King, my father and lord, veneration and respect for our holy religion; to observe, keep, and maintain for ever the const.i.tution such as established by the cortes in Portugal." The bishop then presented to him the holy Gospels, on which he laid his right hand, and solemnly vowed, promised, and signed the same.
The Prince then took the oath in like manner for himself, and was immediately followed by his brother, the Infant Don Miguel, after whom the ministers and a mult.i.tude of other persons crowded to follow his example. Meantime the Prince rode to the King at his country seat of Boa Vista, at San Cristova, to inform him of all that had pa.s.sed, and to entreat his presence in the city, as the best means of securing order and confidence. His Majesty accordingly set off immediately, and arrived at the great square at about eleven o"clock, when the people took the horses from his carriage and dragged him to the palace, the troops following as on a day of gala, and forming in the square before the doors. At one of the centre windows the King presently appeared, and confirmed all that the Prince had promised in his name, declaring at the same time his perfect approbation of every thing that had been done. The troops then dispersed, and the King held a court, which was most numerously attended; and the day ended at the opera, the people again a.s.sembling to drag the King"s carriage thither.
It would be curious to investigate the feelings of princes on occasions so momentous to themselves and to their people. Joam VI., pa.s.sionately fond of music, was dragged by a people, grateful for a boon granted that very day, to a theatre built by himself, where all the music vocal and instrumental was selected with exquisite taste, and where the piece presented was a decided favourite.[34] Yet it may be questioned whether there existed in his wide dominions one heart less at ease than his own. All his feelings and prejudices were in favour of the ancient order of things, and this day those feelings and prejudices had been obliged to bend to the spirit of the times, to a wide-spread desire for freedom, to every thing, in short, most contrary to the ancient system of continental Europe.
[Note 34: Rossini"s Cenerentola.]
The next day[35], there was nothing but joy in the city, the great saloon was again crowded with persons eager to sign the oath to the const.i.tution, illuminations, feux de joie, and fireworks succeeded; and at the opera, Puccito"s Henrique IV. was ordered in compliment to the King. But he was too much fatigued with the events of the last two days to go, and when the curtain of the royal box was drawn up, the pictures only of the king and queen appeared; but they were received with loud acclamations, as if the royal personages themselves had been present.
[Note 35: The 27th, on which day Messrs. Thornton, Grimaldi, and Maler, ministers from England and France, waited on His Majesty. The different motions or interferences of the members of the diplomatic body scarcely concern this period. There is no doubt but that they were busy.
But circ.u.mstances which they could not control, though they might disturb, brought about the revolution of the 26th, the visible facts alone of which I pretend to give.]
Thus was a most important revolution brought about without bloodshed, and almost without disturbance. The junta occupied itself seriously on the business of the const.i.tution, and began by publishing some edicts highly favourable to the people, and, among others, one insuring the liberty of the press.
Meantime Bahia, actuated by the same spirit as Rio, had antic.i.p.ated the revolution at that place. On the 10th of February the troops and people a.s.sembled in the city, the magistrates were called on to take an oath to adhere to the const.i.tution, a provisional government was formed, and troops were raised in order to maintain the const.i.tution, in case the court at Rio should be adverse to its adoption. Among these the most forward was a small body of artillery, formed of the students at the different colleges and schools of the city. The new government early began to manifest a determination to be no longer subordinate to Rio, and to acknowledge no other authority than that of the Cortes at Lisbon. An intimation of what had taken place at Bahia was immediately forwarded to Luiz do Rego at Pernambuco, who a.s.sembled the magistrates, the troops, and the people, on the 3d of March, in Recife, and there, along with them, solemnly took the oath to adhere to the const.i.tution; a measure which gave universal satisfaction. About the same time, several of the towns in the Comarca of Ilheos also took the oaths to maintain the const.i.tution; and it appeared evidently that the whole country was equally desirous of a change, in hopes of relief from the vexations it had so long suffered under.
But the agitation of the capital was by no means at an end. Disputes arose concerning the election of deputies to the cortes, which, however, ended in adopting the method laid down in the Spanish const.i.tution. The troops found it necessary to publish a declaration, denying that they had any factious views when they a.s.sembled on the 26th of February, and alleging that they appeared as citizens anxious for the rights of the whole community. The people a.s.sembled in different places, and are said to have insulted several persons, particularly the members of the council which existed immediately before the revolution; and in order to save three of them from the fury of the mob, they were placed in confinement for three days, and then liberated, with a proclamation tending to exculpate them from all criminal charges, and explaining the motives of their arrest.
The King meanwhile had resolved on returning to Lisbon, and on the 7th of March he published a proclamation announcing his resolution, together with an order for such deputies as should be elected by the time of his departure, to go with him to attend the Cortes, and promising to find means of conveying the rest when they should be ready.
Every thing now appeared to proceed in quiet. The preparations for His Majesty"s departure went on, and he resolved to take the opportunity of the a.s.sembling of the electors on the 21st of April, to choose the deputies to the Cortes, to submit to them the plan for the government of Brazil which he had laid down, in order to receive their sanction.
These electors were a.s.sembled in the exchange, a handsome new building on the sh.o.r.e, and thither a great concourse of people had flocked, some purely from curiosity, some from a desire, imagining they had a right, to express their opinion on so important a subject. The result of that meeting was a deputation sent to the king, insisting on the adoption of the entire Spanish const.i.tution. The decree of the a.s.sembly received the signature of the King. But the members of that a.s.sembly met again on the 22d, many of whom had no legal t.i.tle to be present, and proceeded to propose to stop the ships prepared for the King"s return to Portugal.
Some went so far as to propose an examination of the vessels, in order to stop the exportation of the quant.i.ty of wealth known to be on board of them, and the meeting at length a.s.sumed so alarming an aspect, that His Majesty revoked his royal consent to the act pa.s.sed on the 21st, and sent a body of soldiers to intimidate the a.s.sembly. Unhappily, an order proceeding from some quarter, never known or never acknowledged, caused the soldiers to fire into the exchange, where the unarmed and innocent electors, as well as the others who had crowded thither, it might be, with less pure motives, were a.s.sembled, but all were there on the faith of the royal invitation given through the judge of the district.
About thirty persons were killed, many more were wounded: and the whole city was filled with an indescribable consternation. The sudden stop that was put to this strange, unwise and cruel attack, has always been attributed to the Prince Don Pedro, who, on this as on other occasions, has well merited the t.i.tle of perpetual defender of Brazil. The attack itself, perhaps unjustly, was imputed to the Conde dos Arcos by some, to other individuals by others, according as pa.s.sion or party directed the suspicion: the truth is, that it seems to have been the result of ill-understood orders, given hastily in a moment of alarm, for it is impossible to think, for an instant, that any man could wantonly have so cruelly irritated the people at the very time when so much depended on their tranquillity. This shocking event, however, seems to have quickened the King"s resolution to leave Brazil. That very day he made over the government of that country to the Prince, with a council to be composed of
The Conde dos Arcos, Prime Minister.
Conda da Louca, Minister of Interior.
Brigadier Caula, Minister of War.
And in case of the prince"s death, the regency to remain in the hands of the Princess Maria Leopoldina.
The next day the King publicly addressed the troops, recommending to them fidelity to the crown and const.i.tution, and obedience to the Prince Regent, and as a royal boon on leaving the army, promising a great increase of pay to all, and that the Brazilian officers should be put on the same footing as those of the Portuguese army. The ministers who advised this step, acted cruelly towards the government they left behind. The treasury was left empty at the King"s departure, yet increase of pay beyond all precedent was promised, as well as other burdens on the prince"s revenue. His Majesty published on the same day, a farewell to the inhabitants of Rio; and it cannot be imagined that he could leave the place which to him had been a haven of safety, during the storm in which most of his brother monarchs had suffered, without feelings of regret, if not affection.
The Prince also addressed the Brazilians on a.s.suming the government by a proclamation, which, as it sets forth his intentions, I shall give literally:
"Inhabitants of Brazil;
"The necessity of paying attention to the general interests of the nation before every other, forces my august father to leave you, and to intrust me with the care of the public happiness of Brazil, until Portugal shall form a const.i.tution, and confirm it.
"And, as I judge it right, in the present circ.u.mstances, that all should from this time understand what are the objects of public administration which I have princ.i.p.ally in view, I lose no time in declaring, that strict respect for the laws, constant vigilance over the administration of the same, opposition to the quibbles by which they are discredited and weakened, will be the objects of my first attention.
"It will be highly agreeable to me to antic.i.p.ate all such benefits of the const.i.tution as shall be compatible with obedience to the laws.
"Public education, which now demands the most especial attention of the government, will be provided for by every means in my power.
"And in order that the commerce and agriculture of Brazil may be in a prosperous state, I shall not cease to encourage whatever may favour these copious sources of national riches.
"I shall pay equal attention to the interesting subject of reform, without which it will be impossible to use liberal means for the public good.
"Inhabitants of Brazil! all these intentions will be frustrated if certain evil-minded persons should accomplish their fatal views, and persuade you to adopt antisocial principles, destructive of all order, and diametrically opposed to the system of liberality, which from this moment it is my intention to follow."
The ceremonies of taking leave, occupied the following day. On the 24th, the royal family embarked, and with it many of the Portuguese n.o.bles who had followed their king into exile, and many others whose fortunes were entirely attached to the court.
But this great re-emigration produced evils of no common magnitude in Brazil. It is computed that fifty millions of crusadoes, at least, were carried out of the country by the Portuguese returning to Lisbon. A great proportion of specie had been taken up in exchange for government bills on the treasuries of Bahia, Pernambuco, and Maranham. But these provinces, from the revolution in February, had disclaimed the superiority of the government at Rio, and had owned no other than that of the Cortes at Lisbon, and above all the ministry well knew, even at the time of granting the bills, that they had refused to remit any portion of the revenue to Rio. Hence arose commercial distress of every description, and as long-standing government debts had been also paid by these bills which were all dishonoured, the evil spread far and wide, not only among the natives but the foreign merchants. It was of little avail that the Prince acknowledged the debts[36]; the treasury was left so poor, that he was obliged to delay or modify the increase of military pay promised on the King"s departure, a circ.u.mstance that occasioned much disquiet in several provinces. The funds for carrying on several branches of industry, and several works of public utility were destroyed by this great and sudden drain; and thereby much that had been begun after the arrival of the court, and which it was hoped would have been of the greatest benefit to the country, was stopped. Colonies that had been invited to settle with the most liberal promises perished for want of the necessary support in the beginning of their career, and the wonder is, not that disturbances in various quarters took place after the departure of the King, but that they were not of a more fierce and fatal tendency.
[Note 36: It was of little avail at the time. But as soon as it was possible, his royal highness"s government began payments by instalments, which are still going on, notwithstanding the total change of government. This is highly honourable.]
The Prince who remained at the head of the government was deservedly popular among the Brazilians. His first care was to examine into and redress causes of grievances; particularly those arising from arbitrary imprisonment and vexatious methods of collecting taxes. The great duties on salt conveyed into the interior, were remitted. Something was done towards improving the condition of the barracks, hospitals, and schools.
Books were allowed to be imported duty free, and every thing that could be effected under the circ.u.mstances, was done by the Prince for the advantage of the people, and to preserve or promote public tranquillity.
But the question of the independence of Brazil had now come to be publicly agitated, and out of it arose several others. Was it to be still part of the Portuguese monarchy, with a separate supreme jurisdiction civil and criminal under the Prince? or was it to return to the abject state in which it had been since its discovery, subject to all the vexatious delays occasioned by distant tribunals, by appeals beyond sea, and all that renders the state of a colony irksome or degrading? Then if independent so far, was it to form one kingdom whose capital should be at Rio, or were there to be several unconnected provinces, each with its supreme government, accountable only to the king and cortes at Lisbon? Those who had republican views, and who looked forward to a federal state, favoured the latter views, and so did those who dreaded the final separation of Brazil from the mother country; for they argued that the separate provinces might be easily controlled, but that Brazil united would overmatch any force that Portugal could send against it, should a hostile struggle between them ever take place.
The people, jealous of all, but particularly of the ministers, accused the Conde dos Arcos of treachery, and of a wish to reduce Brazil once more to the state in which it had been before 1808. They insisted on his dismissal, and on the appointment of a provisional junta, which should deliberate on the best measures of government to be adopted, until the const.i.tution of the cortes should arrive from Lisbon, and the fifth of June, the day of his dismissal, was held as a festival.[37]
[Note 37: When he touched at Bahia on his way home, the junta of government there, prejudiced by letters from Rio, refused him permission to land; and he had the mortification of being treated as a criminal, in that very city where he had governed with honour, and where he had been beloved. On his arrival at Lisbon, he suffered a short imprisonment in the tower of Belem. Yet his misconduct, if it amounted to all he was charged with, seems to have been an error in judgment.]
Yet, distressed as the government was by an empty treasury, and by demands increasing daily on all sides, it was impossible to remove at once all causes of discontent; and the new junta was so well aware of this, that, on the 16th of June, on publishing an invitation to all persons to send in plans and projects for improvements, and statistical notices concerning the country, they also published an exhortation to tranquillity and obedience, and patient waiting till the event of the deliberation of the cortes, now to be joined by their own deputies, should be known. That same night both the Portuguese and Brazilian troops were under arms in the city, violent jealousies had arisen between them, and it required all the authority and all the popularity of the Prince to restore order. On the morning of the 17th His Royal Highness called together the officers of both nations, and in a short speech he ordered them as soldiers, and recommended to them as citizens, to preserve the subordination of the troops they commanded, and union among those troops, bidding them remember that they had sworn to support the const.i.tution, and that they were to trust to that for the redress of their grievances.
Meanwhile the more distant provinces had acknowledged the authority of the cortes, and had sworn to support the const.i.tution. But Maranham in its public acts took no notice whatever of the Prince, professing only to recognise the government of Lisbon. At Villa Rica, when the const.i.tution was proclaimed, the troops refused to acknowledge the Prince, accusing him of withholding the pay promised by the King. At St.
Catherine"s, though the measures were less violent, yet the refusing to admit a new governor who had been sent, was decidedly an act of insubordination; but the political agitations at St. Paul"s were not only of a more serious nature, but had more important results than those of any other province.
The ostensible cause of the first public ferment in that city was the discontent of the Cacadores at not receiving the promised augmentation of pay, which, indeed, it was not then in the power of the Prince to bestow on them.
The regiment, however, took up arms on the 3d of June, and declared they would not lay them down until they received the pay demanded, and were proceeding to threaten the munic.i.p.al government of the city, when they were stopped by the good sense, and presence of mind of their captain, Jose Joaquim dos Santos. But though the ferment was soothed for the time, it continued to agitate not only the troops, but the people, to such a degree, that the magistrates and princ.i.p.al inhabitants thought it necessary to take some steps at once, to rule and to satisfy them. They took advantage of the occasion furnished by the a.s.sembling of the militia, on account of a festival on the 21st, and, keeping them together, they placed them on the morning of the 23d, in the square before the town-house, where the camara held its sittings. The great bell of the camara then tolled out, the people flocked to the square, with shouts of "Viva el Re, Viva o Const.i.tuicao, Viva o Principe Regente." They then demanded a provisional junta to be appointed for the government of the province, and that Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, should be appointed president. This truly patriotic citizen and accomplished scholar, was a native of the country, and had now been residing in it some years, after having studied, travelled, and fought in Europe. As soon as he was named, a deputation was sent to his own dwelling, to bring him to the town-house.
Meantime the standard of the camara had been displayed at one of the windows, and there the magistrates were placed in sight of the people.
Jose Bonifacio appeared at another window, and addressed the people in a short, but energetic speech, calculated to give them courage, and at the same time to inspire peace and all good and orderly feeling. He then named, one by one, the members proposed by the chief citizens, to form the provisional junta, beginning with Joao Carlos Augusto de Oyenhausen, to continue general of arms in the province. Each name was received with cheers.[38] The troops and people then marched in an orderly manner to the house of Jose Bonifacio, to install him formally as president, and thence to the cathedral where a Te Deum was sung. At night the theatre was illuminated as for a gala, the national hymn was sung repeatedly; and from that moment all remained quiet in the city, and resolved to maintain the const.i.tution, and the Prince Regent, for whom they expressed unbounded attachment.
[Note 38: _Provisional government of St. Paul"s._
The Archpriest Felisberto Gomes Jardin.
The Rev. Joao Ferreiro da Oliviero Bueno.
Antonio Lecto Perreiro da Gama Lobo.
Daniel Pedro Muller.
Francisco Ignacio.
Manoel Rodriguez Jordao.
Andre da Sylva Gomez.
Francisco de Paulo Oliviera.