In the reign of Te-yaou there was an account of a great flood. Shortly after, wine was discovered, and its intoxicating effects found out in the reign of Fohi, who answers the description of Noah. Then came a prince noted for his fondness for hunting, who was contemporary with Nimrod. And there was a seven years" drought, like that described in Genesis, ch. xli.
Another singular coincidence in their chronology, which I may be allowed to refer to before dismissing this part of the subject, is the fact set down by one of their historians, that in the fifty-fifth year of the forty-fifth cycle, the Emperor Ming-te, in about the tenth year of his reign, sent messengers to look for "_the holy man of the West_." Now this period corresponds with the commencement of the Christian era: and allowing for discrepancies unavoidable in such a calculation, could it not have been possible that a faint glimmering of the "Star of Bethlehem" had crossed this monarch"s vision, and that, but for their dilatory footsteps, these amba.s.sadors of the Chinese Emperor might have knelt by the side of those other "wise men of the East," who were guided by its beams to the cradle of the infant Saviour? Certain it is, that Buddhism was introduced into China about that time, and that this ruler felt the need of a holy man, as if by inspiration!
The Chinese appear rapidly to have progressed in the arts, and to have been foremost in all those inventions, which in their application have conduced so much to the amelioration and welfare of the human race.
Eleven hundred and eight years before we commence to count our era (B. C. 1108,) the unerring magnet that points so steadily to the pole, was discovered by this ingenious people; and who may say what other progress may have been made in science and literature up to B. C. 220, when the cruel and ambitious Che-Hw.a.n.g-te, who, having finished the Great Wall, and wishing to date the foundation of his empire from his reign, collected and burned all such records as he could obtain, and destroyed by a cruel death the wise men within his dominions.[2]
Since then, at a very early part of the Christian era, they are known to have made a representative of money in the shape of paper,[3] and a stamp duty was imposed upon the sale of lands (A. D. 369). Shortly after, learning became much cherished; literary men rose to dignities and honor, and colleges were endowed in different parts of the empire.
Types had been invented some time in the early part of the ninth century,[4] and the art of book-binding was known as early as A. D.
750.[5] The application of Gunpowder as a projectile was made in 1225; and the invention of the Loom is dated a few years later.
The name, China, is derived from "Tsin; and it became known by this name to the other nations of the world through the ambition of Che-Hw.a.n.g-te, before mentioned, who a.s.sumed the t.i.tle of King of "Tsin; and who, if he was cruel, appears to have been also able and talented. He not only enlarged and extended the empire, but what was gained to it he consolidated and strengthened. The Great Wall was not the only monument of his reign. Splendid roads afforded facilities for trade, which he greatly encouraged. Overflown lands were redeemed, and stagnant and unwholesome marshes became, by the magic of his mind, fertile and healthy plains. His capital was enlarged and beautified, and employment given by his great works to thousands who else had starved. As he was the greatest, so was he the last of his dynasty; for it ended in the death of his son, but a short time after his own demise, and a new dynasty,--that of Han,--was erected upon its ruins; thus destroying plans for the furtherance of which much blood had been shed.
There is a strong parallel between the life and fate of this monarch and that of the Emperor Napoleon. Both of humble origin,[6] each made himself a NAME, and from each a name descended to his country. Under the influence of that insanity of great minds,--Ambition,--each filled the world with his reflected glory, and each failed in his dearest and most cherished wish, the perpetuation of his name through his offspring. Much good did either do, but in the prosecution of the plans of each, much innocent blood was spilled. They both were great! Was either good?
The name of Kathay, or Cathay, was applied to this country by ancient writers, among whom was Marco Polo, a Venetian, who was about the first who penetrated its boundaries. I have a.s.sumed it, therefore, as a t.i.tle, as much from its antiquity as for its euphony.
When one would speak of the religious inst.i.tutions of China, he is indeed in the position of the person named in the commencement of this chapter. There appears to be three systems of religions, viz., that of Confucius, the system of Laou-tze, and that of Buddha. But when you attempt to find out his belief, a Chinaman is very apt to confound you with a part of each doctrine, and it is only by much sifting that you can come at his real sentiments. The superior men of China affect the doctrines of the two first-named philosophers, whilst the dark and ambiguous creed of Buddha obtains with the lower cla.s.ses.
The system of Confucius is well known to the general reader. It is an excellent code of morals. He advocates a control over the pa.s.sions, and a proper management of the affections, and comes as near as he can to the rule laid down in the New Testament, "to do to others, as we would have others do unto us." His virtues are benevolence, righteousness, _politeness_, (!) wisdom and truth. Filial piety is inculcated as the first and primary duty. In fact, he considers it the foundation of all; and teaches that ancestors are to be worshipped after death, and their slightest command obeyed throughout life. He advocates subjection to superiors, and contentment with our lot, but appears to have no idea of retribution beyond this life; and although in his works the existence of a superior power is admitted, and he even says, in one instance, "Imperial Heaven has no kindred to serve, and will only a.s.sist Virtue,"
yet a favorite maxim of his, "Respect the G.o.ds, but keep them at a distance," proves that he considered the superior influences as having but little affinity with man.
The religion of Laou-tze comes next for our consideration. Its followers are called Taouists, from the word Taou,--Reason,--the active principle,--eternal reason. Its founder lived about the same time as Confucius, who is said to have had an interview with him. Confucius describes Laou-tze as resembling the dragon, and received from him a lecture, in which he accuses him of worldly-mindedness and vanity, and concludes by telling him to make the best of it he can. He is called the "Venerable Philosopher," and is said to have appeared thrice upon earth; in one instance as Lavu-Tan, when he honored Confucius with a visit; another time as Laou-Keun, "The venerable Prince."
He has left some good maxims, but his religion is tinged with error, and is filled with superst.i.tion. I have hardly time, and it would be scarcely worth while, to describe the peculiar tenets he inculcates; but he allows extensive powers to evil and malignant spirits, and the priests make great use of their supposed influence. The belief that ghosts will return to haunt and disturb the places in which the spirit has left the body, causes many a poor believer of this doctrine to be cast out, and deserted by its disciples in the agonies of death!
The doctrines of Buddha, from their prevalence in India, are generally known to the reading public. Buddhism is the basest kind of idolatry, and its rites are debasing and revolting. The worshipper is to infuse himself into Buddha by a constant repet.i.tion of his name, and continually thinking of him.
The Buddhists sacrifice to their ancestors, and feed the hungry ghosts.
They also furnish them with clothing, and other necessaries, by shaping the article required from paper, and destroying it by fire. In this manner houses, and household utensils, money, and even slaves, are remitted to such ghosts as are thought to need them.
I have only s.p.a.ce within the limits a.s.signed to this chapter to give a description of heaven, copied from a Buddhistic work, before I leave the subject to continue the incidents of the cruise.
"The land of Heaven--Buddha"s--is perfect gold. Its gardens and palaces are adorned with gems. They are encircled with rows of trees, and borders of net-work. There are lovely birds, of sparkling plumage and exquisite notes. The great G.o.d O-lo-han; the G.o.ddess of Mercy; the unnumbered Buddhas; the host of demiG.o.ds, and the sages of heaven and earth, will all be a.s.sembled on that sacred spot. But in that sacred kingdom there are _no women_; (!) for the women who will live in that country are first changed _into men_. The inhabitants are produced from the Lotus flower, and have pure and fragrant bodies, fair and well-formed countenances, with hearts full of wisdom, and free from vexation. They are without pain or sickness, and never become old. This is the Paradise of the West; and the way to obtain it the most simple imaginable, depending on one sentence, O-me-to-fuh. Amida Buddha!"
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: One of the causes which have led the Chinese themselves into great errors with regard to the ancient state of their country, is the having given to their ancient characters the acceptations which they did not acquire until later times.
The characters which are now translated by the words emperor, province, city, palace, meant no more in former times than the chief of a tribe, a district, a camp, a house. These simple meanings did not flatter their vanity sufficiently, and they therefore preferred employing terms which would represent their ancestors as rich and powerful, and their empire vast and flourishing in the _first year_ of its foundation as if _by magic_.--M. DE GUIGNES" LITTERA.]
[Footnote 2: This presumption was overruled by an all-wise Providence, by the subsequent discovery of some books of Confucius in repairing an old house.--MONTGOMERY MARTIN.]
[Footnote 3: Anno Domini 297.]
[Footnote 4: Anno Domini 924.]
[Footnote 5: The Chinese made paper about 350 years before Christ; and Confucius, about a century before, wrote his admirable maxims on a bamboo, with a stylus.]
[Footnote 6: The mother of Che-Hw.a.n.g-te had been a concubine of a merchant of Ho-nan.]
CHAPTER IX.
Christmas and the New Year in Macao--Removal of remains of Da Cunha--The Dead give place to the Quick--Chinese manner of Fishing--A new principle in Hydraulics--Inspection of Macao Militia--An ancient Cemetery--Arrival of the new Governor, Cardoza--Under way for Manilla--Fetch up at Hong-Kong--Another Start--Island of Luconia--Bay of Manilla--Earthquake--Discovery and Settlement of the Philippines--Description of Manilla--The Calzada--A puppet-show.
Christmas was pa.s.sed by me a valetudinarian at Macao, the ship having left me there, in hospital, on her pa.s.sage from Hong-Kong to Whampoa.
On Christmas eve I visited the different churches, all Roman Catholic of course. They were brilliantly illuminated, and filled princ.i.p.ally with females, who knelt upon the bare floors whilst services, suitable for the occasion, were performed. All the churches were opened, and in that of San Augustinho heard some pretty good singing by boys. The old year was allowed to pa.s.s out and the new year come in without much _eclat_ at Macao, indeed they are a dull set--the Macanese, and if the Chinese had any courage they could soon dislodge them.
Upon the 2d of January the removal of the remains of ex-Governor Da Cunha, from the government house to the church of San Francisco, took place. The corpse was accompanied by the troops and clergy; and the dead Governor vacated in favor of a living one soon expected from Lisbon.
In my walks outside of the town, along the beach, I noticed some Chinamen fishing: their net was very extensive and staked down on the beach, to its sides were attached ropes which led to a temporary shed upon a rock, where they were fastened to an axle having treadles, which a Chinaman, by applying his feet, made revolve, and by this means elevated and depressed the net at pleasure. Saw also a new principle in hydraulics, the object to which it was applied being to fill a sluice to irrigate a vegetable garden from a reservoir, and the _modus operandi_ was this: two Chinamen, standing _vis-a-vis_, held the ends of two ropes, each fastened to the upper and lower parts of a bucket, by slackening which they dipped the bucket into a well, and then by hauling in tautened it, and communicating a swinging motion to the bucket by the same process, discharged its contents into the drain.
Witnessed an inspection drill of the Macao Militia. They were out in considerable numbers, and were clothed in a neat dark green uniform, but did not appear very perfect in the manual. It struck me that these youths did not take much pride in their position as privates, especially when several of the garrison troops were looking on, and when they were dismissed, those who had no servants to carry their muskets, used them as walking-sticks on returning home.
Strolling about one afternoon, I came upon an old graveyard on the top of a barren hill, off from the Governor"s road, about two miles from the Campo gate. The stones were all flat and weather-worn; the inscriptions of many were indistinct, and would have baffled the skill of Old Mortality to decipher. Upon one I found the date 1767. None as late as the present century; some were in German, others had the English text.
This burial-place did not appear to have ever been inclosed, nor had it been used for the purpose of sepulture for nearly one century. That quaint ditty came into my head, and I naturally used its words as I looked upon these tombs:
"Oh where are those who lived and talked A hundred years ago?"
And where will be those who breathe and walk one hundred years hence?
After three days hard work, the ship was got out of the Typa, and on the 29th of January (the anniversary of our departure from the United States,) got under way with the intention of steering for Manilla, but adverse winds and strong tides forced us to put into Hong-Kong, where we found it convenient to lay in additional stores.
Before we left Macao, the Portuguese corvette Don Joao Primero, had landed the new Governor, Cordoza.
On the morning of the 1st of February got under way, and stood out of the harbor of Hong-Kong--destination, Manilla.
In this month commences the Chinese new year, and our departure deprived us of an opportunity of witnessing its celebration, which is curious and worth seeing. It is perhaps the only general holiday the Chinese have: they devote it to feasting and hilarity, drinking sam-chu, and gambling; and as the fourth commandment is not considered in their religion, it is the only period when a cessation from labor occurs among them, and they appear to make the most of it, for they dispose of any thing at a low rate for a coin, previous to its advent, and the Coolies will appropriate every thing they can lay their hands on to promote its gratification.
Made the Island of Luconia, the princ.i.p.al of the Philippine group, on the 5th of February, in the morning watch, and employed that day in running down its coast. Stood off and on the entrance of the Bay of Manilla that night, and early the next morning pa.s.sed El Corregidor, and stood up the bay with a fair wind, coming to anchor off the town about six bells, eleven o"clock, P. M.
The Bay of Manilla is magnificent in its proportions, but there are no striking objects surrounding it as at Rio. The water is generally bold and its navigation easy, yet there is a bar, or shallow spit projecting into it about twenty miles from its mouth, upon which a brig, which had been ahead of us, struck as we came up, thus proving that there are _striking_ objects _in_ the bay, at least.
Upon the morning after our arrival, a "tremblor," or shock from an earthquake, was felt on sh.o.r.e. They said it was the most severe one sustained for many years. No damage was done that I could learn, and they do not appear to dread them much, having an outlet for these sulphureous quakers in an extensive volcano.
"The celebrated and ever loyal city of Manilla," as it is called in the most grandiliquose of languages, is one of the oldest European settlements in the East, and it has well deserved its name. It is the capital of Luconia, or Luzon, and is situated in about lat. 14 30" N.
and 121 E. long.
Luconia, as I have before stated, being the princ.i.p.al island of the Philippines, gives this singular group a character throughout the world.
These islands were first discovered by that celebrated, but unfortunate navigator, Magellan,[7] in whose honor a column is erected in Manilla, who did not survive long enough to enjoy the fruits of his skill and perseverance, having been killed at the island of Matan in 1521.