"Why is that?"
"Because no one is good without G.o.d. And we can do nothing good without Him. So it"s futile to regret a good deed, Ulf, for the good you have done cannot be taken back; even if all the mountains should fall, it would still stand."
"Well, well. That"s not how I see things, my Sira. I"m tired . . ."
"Yes . . . and you must be hungry too. Come with me over to the cookhouse, Ulf," said the priest.
"Thank you, but I have no wish to eat anything," said Ulf Hal dorssn.
"All the same, you must come with me and have some food," said Sira Eiliv, placing his hand on Ulf"s sleeve and pulling him along. They headed across the courtyard and over toward the cookhouse. Without thinking, they both walked as lightly and carefully as they could in the new snow.
EXPLANATORY NOTES.
References Used
Blangstrup, Chr., ed. Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon. Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel, 1928. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel, 1928.
Knudsen, Trygve, and Alf Sommerfelt, eds. Norsk Riksmls Ordbok. Norsk Riksmls Ordbok. Oslo: Det Norske Academi for Sprog og Litteratur og Kunnskaps forlaget, 1983. Oslo: Det Norske Academi for Sprog og Litteratur og Kunnskaps forlaget, 1983.
Mrkhagen, Sverre. Kristins Verden: Om norsk middelalder p Kristin Lavransdatters tid. Kristins Verden: Om norsk middelalder p Kristin Lavransdatters tid. Oslo: J. W. Cappelens Forlag, 1995. Oslo: J. W. Cappelens Forlag, 1995.
Pulsiano, Phillip. ed. Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1993. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1993.
Sawyer, Birgit, and Peter Sawyer. Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation, circa 800 -1500. Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation, circa 800 -1500. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
I: THE WREATH PART I CHAPTER 1.
1 Nidaros Nidaros: One of five episcopal seats in Norway during the Middle Ages; now the city of Trondheim. The cathedral in Nidaros housed the famous shrine of Saint Olav and was the destination of thousands of pilgrims every year, particularly during the Feast of Saint Olav in late July. The main road between Oslo and Nidaros pa.s.sed through Gudbrandsdal, the valley where most of Undset"s novel takes place.
2 vigil nights vigil nights: Festive celebrations, called "vigils," were held on the night before many religious holidays.
3 courtyard courtyard: The multiple buildings of Norwegian farms were laid out around two courtyards: an "inner" courtyard surrounded by the various living quarters, storehouses, and cookhouse; and next to it an "outer" courtyard (or farmyard) surrounded by the stables, cowshed, barn, and other outbuildings. All of the buildings were constructed of wood, and most consisted of a single room that served a specific function on the farm. None of the buildings was more than two stories high. Many had an external gallery (a type of balcony) and stairway along one side. Lofts built above the storerooms were used as bedchambers for both family members and guests. At Jrundgaard, the high loft in the main house was the finest room on the manor and the one used for feasts and celebrations. Hearth fires in the center of the room (or corner fireplaces on the finer estates) provided the only heat in the living quarters.
4 his daughter his daughter: Christianity was introduced in Norway in the 11th century, but it wasn"t until 1270 that celibacy for priests became part of Norwegian Church law. Even then, it was not strictly enforced, particularly in the countryside.
5 village village: Unlike villages in the rest of Europe, rural villages in medieval Norway consisted of little more than hamletlike cl.u.s.ters of several large farm-estates, each surrounded by smaller leaseholdings. A settlement of at least three farms const.i.tuted a village. Many of them also included a small parish church. Norwegian villages were situated in remote valleys, separated from other settlements by rugged mountains.
6 river sprite river sprite: In medieval Norway a clear demarcation was made between inside and outside, between the protective circle of human habitation and the dark forces of the wilderness beyond. People believed that the forests and mountains were populated by many types of supernatural beings, which were both unpredictable and menacing.
7 tar-burners tar-burners: Men who produced wood tar, a distilled liquid used for caulking and for preserving wood and rope.
8 hawk hunters hawk hunters: Hawks rather than falcons were generally used for hunting in Norway, due to the mountainous, forested terrain. Hawks follow the prey from behind and have an astonishing ability to steer around trees and bushes.
9 lefse lefse: A thin pancake of rolled-out dough, folded and served with b.u.t.ter.
CHAPTER 2.
1 allodial property allodial property: Land held in absolute ownership, without obligation or service to any feudal overlord. In Norway this was an ancient inst.i.tution in which a man"s inherited allodial rights depended on proof that the land had been possessed continuously by his family or kin group for at least four generations. If there was no male heir, the land could be pa.s.sed down to a female family member.
2 canons" house canons" house: Canon was an ecclesiastical t.i.tle for a member of a group of priests who served in a cathedral and who were usually expected to live a communal life.
3 Minorite Minorite: A widespread order of friars founded by Saint Francis of a.s.sisi in 1223. The monastic movement in Norway began at Selje, outside Bergen, where a Benedictine monastery was dedicated to Saint Alban in the early 12th century. Cistercians later settled on Hoved, an island in the Oslo fjord. During the 13th century mendicant orders of Dominican and Franciscan monks established cloisters in the Norwegian bishoprics and trading centers.
4 windowpane windowpane: The introduction of Christianity brought the art of making stained-gla.s.s windows to Scandinavia. Most 14th-century Norwegian manors and farmhouses, however, did not have windows of any kind. Light came into the room from the smoke vent in the roof and from the doorway. In some cases small openings might be cut in the wall and then covered either with horn or with a translucent membrane, usually made from a cow"s stomach.
5 Selje men Selje men: According to legend, Sunniva (a Christian princess of Irish blood) found it necessary to flee England in the 10th century along with her entourage. They sought refuge on the Norwegian island of Selje and took up residence in the caves, where a rock slide eventually buried them. Rumors of a strange light over the island brought the authorities to investigate, and the body of Sunniva was discovered, completely unmarked.
CHAPTER 3.
1 Saint Olav Saint Olav: During his reign from 1015 to 1030, King Olav Har aldssn firmly established Christianity in Norway. Churches were built, priests were appointed, and Nidaros regained its stature as a spiritual center after years of neglect. The king also unified the country under a single monarchy by driving out the n.o.blemen pretenders who had risen up against him. When King Olav died a hero"s death in battle, rumors began to circulate that he was a holy man and that miracles had occurred at his grave in Nidaros. Pilgrims began streaming to the cathedral, and the cult of Saint Olav grew rapidly. Olav churches and altars were built throughout Norway, and cloisters were dedicated to the holy man. Although never officially canonized, Olav became the most popular of Norwegian saints and was recognized as the patron saint of the country.
2 medical things medical things: The parish priest was often the only one in an isolated settlement who could offer some type of medical skill, based on what he had been taught of the principles of monastic medicine from southern Europe. Otherwise the community had to rely on local people with special knowledge of traditional remedies and curative herbs.
CHAPTER 4.
1 King Sverre King Sverre: Sverre Sigurdssn a.s.serted his right to the Norwegian throne in 1177 by ousting King Magnus Erlingssn with the help of the "Birch-Leg" party (see chapter 7, note 2). King Sverre"s reign, which lasted until 1202, was marked by a continuous struggle to maintain his right to succession. This period of strife was just the beginning of years of civil war in Norway.
2 high seat high seat: The place of honor at the dining table, reserved for the male head of the family or an honored guest. The high seat was in the middle of the table, on the side against the wall.
CHAPTER 5.
1 ting ting: A meeting of free, adult men (women rarely attended) which took place at regular intervals to discuss matters of concern to a particular community. On the local level, the ting ting might consider such issues as pasture rights, fencing, bridge and road construction, taxes, and the maintenance of the local warship. A regional might consider such issues as pasture rights, fencing, bridge and road construction, taxes, and the maintenance of the local warship. A regional ting ting, attended by chieftains or appointed deputies, would address such issues as defense and legal jurisdiction. The regional ting ting also functioned as a court, although its authority diminished as the power of the king grew. In addition to its regular meetings, a also functioned as a court, although its authority diminished as the power of the king grew. In addition to its regular meetings, a ting ting could be called for a specific purpose, such as the acclamation of a new king. could be called for a specific purpose, such as the acclamation of a new king.
CHAPTER 7.
1 prebendary prebendary: A clergyman who received a stipend provided by a special endowment or derived from the revenues of his cathedral or church.
2 "Birch-Leg" followers "Birch-Leg" followers: A political group formed in 1174 in south-eastern Norway during the conflict over the rightful successor to the throne. They gained their name from the birchbark they tied to their feet because many were too poor to own shoes. The Birch-Legs supported Sverre in his successful bid to become king in 1177, and many of them were later rewarded by being allowed to marry into distinguished families and enter the higher circles of society.
PART II CHAPTER 1.
1 corrodians corrodians: People who donated land or property to a cloister in exchange for a pension or allowance (called a corrody), which permitted the holder to retire into the cloister as a boarder. Some corrodians took their meals at the cloister but lived outside unless they were ill. They were often clothed by the cloister as well.
CHAPTER 2.
1 townyard townyard: A plot of land in an urban area where several wooden buildings, each serving a specific function, were cl.u.s.tered around a central courtyard. A townyard might have one or more owners, or it could be subdivided into tenements or other types of property.
2 rtug rtug: A coin equal in value to one-third of an re re or 10 or 10 penninger penninger. One re re was equal to one-eighth of a was equal to one-eighth of a mark mark.
3 silver spurs silver spurs: Golden spurs, not silver, were a sign of knighthood.
CHAPTER 4.
1 campaign campaign: The support of war campaigns initiated by the king was based on a defense system which divided Norway first into counties and then into parishes. Each county was required to supply and equip a warship, and each parish had to provide a member of the ship"s crew. In addition, taxes were levied to finance the campaigns. Wealthy landowners, who had both horses and weapons needed for the war, were required to do military service and were thus exempted from these taxes.
2 Duke Eirik"s devastating incursion Duke Eirik"s devastating incursion: Duke Eirik Magnusson of Sweden attempted to extend his power by attacking Oslo in 1308 and again in 1310. Both incursions were repelled, but after the second one the Norwegian king launched a retaliatory campaign, which was a great drain on the country"s resources.
CHAPTER 5.
1 against the orders of the bishop against the orders of the bishop: Duke Haakon Magnussn provided land for a Franciscan monastery to be built in Oslo, but bitter opposition from the bishop led to a prohibition against the building project. The monks, however, were not subject to the bishop"s authority and proceeded with their plans. The bishop then refused them permission to preach in his dioceses, which rankled the Franciscans but did not stop them. Infuriated, the local ecclesiastical officials finally ordered armed men to attack and destroy the building site. The friars complained to the Pope, who interceded on their behalf in 1291, and the monastery in Oslo was finally built.
PART III CHAPTER 5.
1 Bretland Bretland: Old Norwegian name for Wales.
CHAPTER 8.
1 escorted to bed escorted to bed: A pre-Christian wedding ritual, still prevalent in medieval times, which required that six people witness the couple openly going to bed; only then would the marriage be considered legally binding.
2 lur lur horn: A trumpetlike wind instrument without a mouthpiece, made from a hollow piece of wood wrapped with bark. horn: A trumpetlike wind instrument without a mouthpiece, made from a hollow piece of wood wrapped with bark.
II: THE WIFE PART I CHAPTER 1.
1 courtyard: courtyard: The multiple buildings of Norwegian farms were laid out around two courtyards: an "inner" courtyard surrounded by the various living quarters, storehouses, and cookhouse; and next to it an "outer" courtyard (or farmyard) surrounded by the stables, cowshed, barn, and other outbuildings. All of the buildings were constructed of wood, and most consisted of a single room that served a specific function on the farm. The buildings were usually no more than two stories high, although Husaby, once a particularly magnificent estate, had an armory with a third story. Many buildings had an external gallery and stairway along one side. Lofts built above the storerooms were used as bedchambers for both family members and guests. The multiple buildings of Norwegian farms were laid out around two courtyards: an "inner" courtyard surrounded by the various living quarters, storehouses, and cookhouse; and next to it an "outer" courtyard (or farmyard) surrounded by the stables, cowshed, barn, and other outbuildings. All of the buildings were constructed of wood, and most consisted of a single room that served a specific function on the farm. The buildings were usually no more than two stories high, although Husaby, once a particularly magnificent estate, had an armory with a third story. Many buildings had an external gallery and stairway along one side. Lofts built above the storerooms were used as bedchambers for both family members and guests.
2 high seat: high seat: The place of honor, reserved for the male head of the family or an honored guest. The high seat was usually in the middle of the table, on the side against the wall. Servants often sat on the opposite bench. The place of honor, reserved for the male head of the family or an honored guest. The high seat was usually in the middle of the table, on the side against the wall. Servants often sat on the opposite bench.
3 Trndelag: Trndelag: In medieval times this was the name given to the vast area of Norway stretching from Romsdal, the valley south of Nidaros (today the city of Trondheim), all the way up to the northernmost Norwegian settlements in Haalogaland. In medieval times this was the name given to the vast area of Norway stretching from Romsdal, the valley south of Nidaros (today the city of Trondheim), all the way up to the northernmost Norwegian settlements in Haalogaland.
4 turnover day: turnover day: The day on which tenants and servants were allowed to give up their positions and move to new ones. The exact day varied by area, but was often Summer Day (April 14) and Winter Day (October 14) of each year. The day on which tenants and servants were allowed to give up their positions and move to new ones. The exact day varied by area, but was often Summer Day (April 14) and Winter Day (October 14) of each year.
5 she had been to church after giving birth: she had been to church after giving birth: After giving birth, a woman"s first attendance of a church service marked the religious celebration of her recovery. Among women of the n.o.bility, this event ideally occurred after a six- to eight-week rest period following the birth. Many women, however, probably could not afford such a long convalescence before resuming their household responsibilities. After giving birth, a woman"s first attendance of a church service marked the religious celebration of her recovery. Among women of the n.o.bility, this event ideally occurred after a six- to eight-week rest period following the birth. Many women, however, probably could not afford such a long convalescence before resuming their household responsibilities.
CHAPTER 2.
1 inherit my ancestral property after me: inherit my ancestral property after me: As Erlend"s illegitimate son, Orm could not inherit his father"s ancestral estates, which were the allodial property of his lineage. This was land held in absolute ownership, without obligation or service to any feudal overlord. In Norway it was an ancient inst.i.tution in which a man"s inherited allodial rights depended on proof that the land had been possessed continuously by his family or kin group for at least four generations. Children born of an adulterous relationship held a precarious position in medieval society, since they were usually not ent.i.tled to property or other privileges of kinship. As Erlend"s illegitimate son, Orm could not inherit his father"s ancestral estates, which were the allodial property of his lineage. This was land held in absolute ownership, without obligation or service to any feudal overlord. In Norway it was an ancient inst.i.tution in which a man"s inherited allodial rights depended on proof that the land had been possessed continuously by his family or kin group for at least four generations. Children born of an adulterous relationship held a precarious position in medieval society, since they were usually not ent.i.tled to property or other privileges of kinship.
2 inadvertently looked at a fire: inadvertently looked at a fire: According to pre-Christian belief, it was dangerous for a pregnant woman to look at a fire that had been started by some accident or misfortune (such as lightning). Disfigurement of the unborn child could result. According to pre-Christian belief, it was dangerous for a pregnant woman to look at a fire that had been started by some accident or misfortune (such as lightning). Disfigurement of the unborn child could result.
3 Saint Olav: Saint Olav: During his reign from 1016 to 1030, King Olav Har aldssn firmly established Christianity in Norway. Churches were built, priests were appointed, and Nidaros regained its stature as a spiritual center after years of neglect. The king also unified the country under one monarchy by driving out those n.o.blemen who had risen up against him. When King Olav died a hero"s death in battle, rumors began to circulate that he was a holy man and that miracles had occurred at his grave in Nidaros. Pilgrims began streaming to the cathedral, and the cult of Saint Olav grew rapidly. Olav churches and altars were built throughout Norway, and cloisters were dedicated to the holy man. Although never officially canonized, Olav became the most popular of Norwegian saints and was recognized as the patron saint of the country. During his reign from 1016 to 1030, King Olav Har aldssn firmly established Christianity in Norway. Churches were built, priests were appointed, and Nidaros regained its stature as a spiritual center after years of neglect. The king also unified the country under one monarchy by driving out those n.o.blemen who had risen up against him. When King Olav died a hero"s death in battle, rumors began to circulate that he was a holy man and that miracles had occurred at his grave in Nidaros. Pilgrims began streaming to the cathedral, and the cult of Saint Olav grew rapidly. Olav churches and altars were built throughout Norway, and cloisters were dedicated to the holy man. Although never officially canonized, Olav became the most popular of Norwegian saints and was recognized as the patron saint of the country.
4 Nidaros: Nidaros: One of five episcopal seats in Norway during the Middle Ages; now the city of Trondheim. Nidaros Cathedral housed the famous shrine of Saint Olav and was the destination of thousands of pilgrims every year, particularly during the Feast of Saint Olav in late July. One of five episcopal seats in Norway during the Middle Ages; now the city of Trondheim. Nidaros Cathedral housed the famous shrine of Saint Olav and was the destination of thousands of pilgrims every year, particularly during the Feast of Saint Olav in late July.