Latin for Beginners

[Footnote 4: The verb pugnatur means, literally, _it is fought_; translate freely, _the battle is fought_, or _the contest rages_.

The verb pugno in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a personal subject in the pa.s.sive. A verb with an indeterminate subject, designated in English by _it_, is called impersonal.]

LESSON x.x.xV

THE Pa.s.sIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE THE PERFECT Pa.s.sIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

<201.>> The fourth and last of the princ.i.p.al parts (--183) is the

>. _From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the pa.s.sive perfects._

1. Learn the following princ.i.p.al parts, which are for the first time given in full:

CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. Pa.s.s. PART.

I. amo ama"-re ama"v-i ama"t-us This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.

II. mo"neo mone"-re mo"nu-i mo"nit-us III. rego re"ge-re rex-i rect-us ca"pio ca"pe-re cep-i capt-us IV. au"dio audi"-re audi"v-i audi"t-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping > from the perfect pa.s.sive participle.

<202.>> In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative pa.s.sive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb _to be_ and the past participle; as, _I have been loved_, _I had been loved_, _I shall have been loved._

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect pa.s.sive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of > as an auxiliary verb with the perfect pa.s.sive participle, as

Perfect pa.s.sive,

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of >, >, >, and

<203.>> > A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

<204.>> The perfect pa.s.sive participle is declined like >, and in the compound tenses (--202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR >, _the man was praised_, or _has been praised_

>, _the girl was praised_, or _has been praised_ >, _the plan was praised_, or _has been praised_

EXAMPLES IN PLURAL >, _the men were praised_, or _have been praised_

>, _the girls were praised_, or _have been praised_ >, _the plans were praised_, or _have been praised_

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative pa.s.sive of >, >, >, and

<205.>> > is formed by adding >, the present infinitive of >, to the perfect pa.s.sive participle; as, ama"t-us (-a, -um) >, _to have been loved_; mo"nit-us (-a, -um) >, _to have been advised_.

1. Form the perfect pa.s.sive infinitive of >, >,

<206.>> The future active infinitive is formed by adding >, the present infinitive of >, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding > to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of >, _to be about to love_.

_a._ Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

Present, amare (present stem), _to love_ Perfect, amavisse (perfect stem), _to have loved_ Future, amaturus esse (participial stem), _to be about to love_

1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of >, >, >, >,

<207.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Fabula Andromedae narrata est. 2. Multae fabulae a magistro narratae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricola valido aratus erat. 4. Agri ab agricolis validis arati erant. 5. Aurum a servo perfido ad domicilium suum portatum erit. 6. Nostra arma a legato laudata sunt. Quis vestra arma laudavit? 7. Ab ancilla tua ad cenam vocatae sumus. 8. Andromeda monstro non data est, quia monstrum a Perseo necatum erat.

II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.

4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.

LESSON x.x.xVI

REVIEW OF PRINc.i.p.aL PARTS PREPOSITIONS _YES_-OR-_NO_ QUESTIONS

[Special Vocabulary]

>, _right_ (dextrous) >, _left_ >, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)

>, _bear, carry on; wear_; >, _to wage war_ >, _seize, take possession of_ (occupy)

>, _demand_ (ex-postulate) >, _refuse_ >, _stand_ >, _try, tempt, test; attempt_ >, _keep, hold_ (tenacious)

The word >, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:

1. > = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, >, _when they heard the monster, they fled_

2. > = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,

> is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to a relative p.r.o.noun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to _at the time >._

<208.>> The following list shows the princ.i.p.al parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the princ.i.p.al parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect pa.s.sive participle but have the future active participle in >, which appears in the princ.i.p.al parts instead.

IRREGULAR VERBS

> > > > _be_ >[1] > > > _give_

[Footnote 1: > is best cla.s.sed with the irregular verbs because of the short