<228.>> EXERCISES
I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amo est aeger. 2. Cuius scutum habes?
Scutum habeo quod legatus ad castellum misit. 3. Cui legatus suum scutum dabit? Filio meo scutum dabit. 4. Ubi Germani antiqui vivebant? In terra quae est proxima Rheno Germani vivebant. 5. Quibusc.u.m[1] Germani bellum gerebant? c.u.m Romanis, qui eos superare studebant, Germani bellum gerebant. 6. Qui viri castra ponunt? Ii sunt viri quorum armis Germani victi sunt. 7. Quibus telis copiae nostrae eguerunt? Gladiis et telis nostrae copiae eguerunt. 8. A quibus porta sinistra tenebatur? A sociis porta sinistra tenebatur. 9. Quae provinciae a Romanis occupatae sunt?
Multae provinciae a Romanis occupatae sunt. 10. Quibus viris dei favebunt? Bonis viris dei favebunt.
[Footnote 1: > is added to the ablative of relative, interrogative, and personal p.r.o.nouns instead of being placed before them.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: GERMANI ANTIQUI]
II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were pitching camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which s.e.xtus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.
<229.>> THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_)[2]
Tarpeia, commota ornamentis Sabinorum pulchris, diu resistere non potuit et respondit: "Date mihi[3] ornamenta quae in sinistris bracchis geritis, et celeriter copias vestras in Capitolium ducam." Nec Sabini recusaverunt, sed per duras magnasque castelli portas properaverunt quo[1] Tarpeia duxit et mox intra validos et altos muros stabant. Tum sine mora in[2] Tarpeiam scuta graviter iecerunt; nam scuta quoque in sinistris bracchiis gerebant. Ita perfida puella Tarpeia interfecta est; ita Sabini Capitolium occupaverunt.
[Footnote 2: Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.]
[Footnote 3: _to me._]
[Footnote 1: quo = _whither_, _to the place where_. Here > is the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative adverb, _whither?_ _to what place?_][Footnote 2: _upon_.]
LESSON x.x.xIX
THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
>, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, >, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ >, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb > >, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) iudex, iudicis, _m., judge_ >, m., _stone_ (lapidary) >, m., _soldier_ (militia) >, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian)
>,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal)
>, m., _chief_ (princ.i.p.al) >, m., _king_ (regal) >, _highest, greatest_ (summit) >, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue) [Footnote A: Observe that > is _long_ in the nom. sing, and _short_ in the other cases.]<230.>> > In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the >. If to the base we add > in the first declension, and > in the second, we get what is called the >. Thus > has the base
> and the stem
>; > has the base > and the stem >.These stem vowels, > and >, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the _A_- and _O_-Declensions.
<231.>> > The third declension is called the Consonant or _I_-Declension, and its nouns are cla.s.sified according to the way the _stem_ ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a _consonant stem_; if the stem ends in >, the word is said to have an >_stem_. _In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In_ >_stems the stem is formed by adding_ > _to the base._ The presence of the > makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.<232.>> Consonant stems are divided into two cla.s.ses:
I. Stems that add > to the base to form the nominative singular.
II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.
CLa.s.s I
<233.>> Stems that add > to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:
>, >, m., >, m., _chief_ _soldier_ m., _stone_ BASES OR STEMS > > > SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F.
_Nom._ princeps miles lapis -s _Gen._ prin"cipis militis lapidis -is _Dat._ prin"cipi militi lapidi -i _Acc._ prin"cipem militem lapidem -em _Abl._ prin"cipe milite lapide -e
PLURAL _Nom._ prin"cipes milites lapides -es _Gen._ prin"cipum militum lapidum -um _Dat._ princi"pibus militibus lapidibus -ibus _Acc._ prin"cipes milites lapides -es _Abl._ princi"pibus militibus lapidibus -ibus
>, >, >, f., m., _king_ m.,_judge_ _manliness_ BASES OR STEMS > > > SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F.
_Nom._ rex iudex virtus -s _Gen._ regis iudicis virtu"tis -is _Dat._ regi iudici virtu"ti -i _Acc._ regem iudicem virtu"tem -em _Abl._ rege iudice virtu"te -e
PLURAL _Nom._ reges iudices virtu"tes -es _Gen._ regum iudic.u.m virtu"tum -um _Dat._ regibus iudicibus virtu"tibus -ibus _Acc._ reges iudices virtu"tes -es _Abl._ regibus iudicibus virtu"tibus -ibus
1. The base or stem is found by dropping > in the genitive singular.
2. Most nouns of two syllables, like
> (
>), > (>), > (>), have > in the base, but > in the nominative._a._ > is an exception to this rule.3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative:
_a._ A final > or > is dropped before >; thus > for >, > for >, > for >._b._ A final > or > unites with > and forms >; thus > + > = >, > + > = >.4. Review --74 and apply the rules to this declension.
In like manner decline >, m., _leader_; >, m., _horseman_; >, m., _foot soldier_;
>, m.,_foot_.
<234.>> EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Neque pedites neque equites occupare castellum Romanum poterant.
2. Summa virtute muros altos cotidie oppugnabant. 3. Pedes militum lapidibus qui de muro iaciebantur saepe vulnerabantur. 4. Quod novum consilium dux cepit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchris ornamentis temptavit. 6. Quid puella fecit? 7. Puella commota auro milites per portas duxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summo studio petiverat non reportavit. 9. Apud Romanos antiquos Tarpeia non est laudata.
II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (>) ship is the _Victory_. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the hors.e.m.e.n. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.[Ill.u.s.tration: NAVIGIUM]
LESSON XL
THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
>, m., _Caesar_ >, m., _captive, prisoner_ >, m., _consul_ >, m., _brother_ (fraternity) >, m., _man, human being_ >, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur.