Latin for Beginners

1.

>, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of; as, >, _I_; >, _you_; >, _he_. (Cf. --279. etc.)

2.

>, which denote possession; as, >, >, >, etc. (Cf. --98.)

3. >, used in the predicate to refer back to the subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. --281.)

4. >, used to emphasize a noun or p.r.o.noun; as, _I myself saw it_. (Cf. --285.)

5. >, which point out persons or things; as, >, _this, that_. (Cf. --112.)

6. >, which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent; as, >, _who_. (Cf. --220.)

7. >, which ask a question; as, >, _who?_ (Cf. --225.)

8. >, which point out indefinitely; as, _some one, any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. --296.)

<279.>> The demonstrative p.r.o.noun >, >, >, as we learned in --115, is regularly used as the personal p.r.o.noun of the third person (_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.).

<280.>> The personal p.r.o.nouns of the first person are >, _I_; >, _we_; of the second person, >, _thou_ or _you_; >, _ye_ or _you_.

They are declined as follows:

SINGULAR FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON _Nom._ ego, _I_ tu, _you_ _Gen._ mei, _of me_ tui, _of you_ _Dat._ mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_ _Acc._ me, _me_ te, _you_ _Abl._ me, _with, from_, etc., _me_ te, _with, from_, etc., _you_

PLURAL _Nom._ nos, _we_ vos, _you_ _Gen._ nostrum or nostri, _of us_ vestrum or vestri, _of you_ _Dat._ n.o.bis, _to_ or _for us_ vobis, _to_ or _for you_ _Acc._ nos, _us_ vos, _you_ _Abl._ n.o.bis, _with, from_, vobis, _with, from_, etc., _you_ etc., _us_

1. The personal p.r.o.nouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast.

<281.>> > 1. The personal p.r.o.nouns > and > may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,

2. The reflexive p.r.o.noun of the third person (_himself, herself, itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL _Gen._ sui _Acc._ se _Dat._ sibi _Abl._ se

EXAMPLES

>, _the boy sees himself_

>, _the girl sees herself_ >, _they see themselves_

_a._ The form > is sometimes doubled, >, for emphasis.

3. Give the Latin for

_I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_ _You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_ _He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_

<282.>> The preposition >, when used with the ablative of >, >, or >, is appended to the form, as, >, _with me_; >, _with you_; >, _with us_; etc.

<283.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. 1. Mea mater est cara mihi et tua mater est cara tibi. 2. Vestrae litterae erant gratae n.o.bis et nostrae litterae erant gratae vobis.

3. Nuntius regis qui n.o.bisc.u.m est nihil respondebit. 4. Nuntii pacem amicitiamque sibi et suis sociis postulaverunt. 5. Si tu arma sumes, ego regnum occupabo. 6. Uter vestrum est civis Roma.n.u.s? Neuter nostrum.

7. Eo tempore multi supplicium dederunt quia regnum petierant. 8. Sume supplicium, Caesar, de hostibus patriae acribus. 9. Prima luce alii metu commoti sese fugae mandaverunt; alii autem magna virtute impetum exercitus nostri sustinuerunt. 10. Soror regis, ubi de adverso proelio audivit, sese Pompeiis interfecit.

II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise.

4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome?

6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show us[1] the way? The G.o.ds will show you[1] the way.

[Footnote 1: Not accusative.]

DAED"ALUS AND IC"ARUS (_Concluded_)

<284.>> Puer Icarus una[2] stabat et mirum patris opus videbat. Postquam ma.n.u.s ultima[3] alis imposita est, Daedalus eas temptavit et similis avi in auras volavit. Tum alas umeris fili adligavit et docuit eum volare et dixit, "Te veto, mi fili, adpropinquare aut soli aut mari. Si fluctibus adpropinquaveris,[4] aqua alis tuis nocebit, et si soli adpropinquaveris,[4] ignis eas cremabit." Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. Alas movent et aurae sese committunt. Sed stultus puer verbis patris non paret. Soli adpropinquat. Alae cremantur et Icarus in mare decidit et vitam amitt.i.t. Daedalus autem sine ullo periculo trans fluctus ad insulam Siciliam volavit.

[Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.]

[Footnote 3: >, _the finishing touch_. What literally?]

[Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.]

LESSON L

THE INTENSIVE p.r.o.nOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IDEM_

[Special Vocabulary]

>, n., _body_ (corporal) >, _dense_ >, demonstrative p.r.o.noun, _the same_ (ident.i.ty) >, intensive p.r.o.noun, _self; even, very_ >, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) >, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_

>, f., _part, region, direction_ >, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes >, m., _sun_ (solar) >, _true, real_ (verity)

>, _owe, ought_ (debt) >, _s.n.a.t.c.h from_

<285.>> > means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or p.r.o.noun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.

_a._ > must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive >. The latter is always used as a p.r.o.noun, while > is regularly adjective. Compare

>, _the man sees himself_ (reflexive) >, _the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_ >, _the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive)

<286.>> Except for the one form >, the intensive p.r.o.noun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. ----108, 109). Learn the declension (--481).

<287.>> The demonstrative >, meaning _the same_, is a compound of >. It is declined as follows:

SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ idem e"adem idem _Gen._ eius"dem eius"dem eius"dem _Dat._ ei"dem ei"dem ei"dem _Acc._ eun"dem ean"dem idem _Abl._ eo"dem ea"dem eo"dem

PLURAL _Nom._ ii"dem eae"dem e"adem ei"dem _Gen._ eorun"dem earun"dem eorun"dem _Dat._ iis"dem iis"dem iis"dem eis"dem eis"dem eis"dem _Acc._ eos"dem eas"dem e"adem _Abl._ iis"dem iis"dem iis"dem eis"dem eis"dem eis"dem

_a._ From forms like > (eum + -dem), > (eorum + -dem), we learn the rule that > before > is changed to >.

_b._ The forms >, > are often spelled and p.r.o.nounced with one >.