Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave
We see that in English
_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction _that_.
_b._ The verb is finite (cf. --173) and its subject is in the nominative.
_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, _He said._
<415.>> > In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows: DIRECT { 1. > STATEMENTS { 2. > { 3. > { 1. > or > { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]INDIRECT { 2. > or > STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]{ 3. > or > { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1][Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]
Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:
_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.
_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.
_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the princ.i.p.al verb.
<416.>> RULE. > _When a direct statement becomes indirect, the princ.i.p.al verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._ <417.>> > When the sentences in --415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, > became >, > became >, and > became >.<418.>> RULE. > _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive._ NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.
<419.>> RULE. > _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of >, >, >, >, and >._
<420.>> Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:
_a_. Verbs of saying and telling: >, _say_ >, _deny, say not_ >, _announce_ >, _reply_ _b_. Verbs of knowing: >, _learn_, (in the perf.) _know_ >, _know_ _c_. Verbs of thinking: >, _think, believe_ >, _judge, decide_ >, _reckon, think_ >, _hope_ _d_. Verbs of perceiving: >, _feel, perceive_