Latin for Beginners

Chapter 64

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<33.>> The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition > or > The comparative degree, if > is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. --309.> The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. --275.> 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with >. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and > the preposition is omitted. ----265, 266.2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word > express the _place in which_ by the locative. --268._Gerund and Gerundive_ > 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. --406.1.2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. --406.2.> The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with >, is used to express purpose. --407._Moods and Tenses of Verbs_ > Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. --358.> The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the _purpose_ of the action in the princ.i.p.al clause. --349.> _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or _advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.--366.> Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by > (_that not_) or > (_that_ or _lest_).--372.> _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by > or >, and have the verb in the subjunctive. --385.> _Object clauses of result_ with > or > are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. --386.> A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or description_. --390.> The conjunction > means _when, since_, or _although_. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. --396.> When a direct statement becomes indirect, the princ.i.p.al verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. --416.> The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing, thinking_, and _perceiving_. --419.> A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. --418.> In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. --432.[Ill.u.s.tration: DOMINA]APPENDIX III REVIEWS[1][Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be a.s.signed for a written test.][Transcriber"s Note: In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may not be in the same order as in the original.]I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII > Give the English of the following words:[1]NOUNS agricola > ancilla iniuria > > > > > cena > > puella > > domina > fabula > > > > > > > > > ADJECTIVES > > > > > > > > > > > VERBS amat > > > > > habitat > > > > > narrat > PREPOSITIONS > or > > > or > > p.r.o.nOUNS > > > > > > > ADVERBS > > > > CONJUNCTIONS > quia > INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE > [Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Ca.s.sar"s "Gallic War" are in heavy type.]> Give the Latin of the following words:[1]Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined._flight_ _wide_ story tells _new_ _money_ lives (verb) _calls_ _away from_ _with_ _who_ _your_ _why_ _then, in the next place_ _forest_ _daughter_ _wreath_ _to whom_ _deep, high_ _fortune_ dinner _famous_ _out from_ _labors_ (verb) _my_ _kills_ _where_ _not_ _trumpet_ _in_ lady, mistress _and_ _whom_ _sailor_ _island_ farmer _G.o.ddess_ _what_ _wild beast_ _way_ _praises_ (verb) _bad_ _alone_ loves _pleasing_ _pretty_ _prepares_ _water_ _are_ _great_ _to_ _is_ _because_ _announces_ _arrow_ _injury, wrong_ _cottage_ _battle_ (noun) _gives_ _small_ girl _fights_ (verb) _good_ maid _carries_ _down from_ _chicken_ _long_ _victory_ _cause_ _land_ _whose_ [Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Caesar are in italics.]> > How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension?conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show?Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case?Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective.What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive p.r.o.noun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?> Fill out the following summary of the first declension:

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