Latin for Beginners

Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave

Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave

We see that in English

_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction _that_.

_b._ The verb is finite (cf. --173) and its subject is in the nominative.

_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, _He said._

<415.>> > In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

DIRECT { 1. > STATEMENTS { 2. > { 3. >

{ 1. > or > { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]

INDIRECT { 2. > or > STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]

{ 3. > or > { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]

[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.

_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.

_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the princ.i.p.al verb.

<416.>> RULE. > _When a direct statement becomes indirect, the princ.i.p.al verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._

<417.>> > When the sentences in --415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, > became >, > became >, and > became >.

<418.>> RULE. > _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive._

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

<419.>> RULE. > _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of >, >, >, >, and

>._

<420.>> Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

_a_. Verbs of saying and telling: >, _say_ >, _deny, say not_ >, _announce_ >, _reply_

_b_. Verbs of knowing: >, _learn_, (in the perf.) _know_ >, _know_

_c_. Verbs of thinking: >, _think, believe_ >, _judge, decide_

>, _reckon, think_ >, _hope_

_d_. Verbs of perceiving: >, _feel, perceive_

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

<421.>> IDIOMS

>, _on the next day_ (lit. _on the next day of that day_) >, _at the beginning of summer_ >, _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_)

>, _to learn through scouts_

<422.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. It, imus, ite, ire. 2. Eunti, iisse _or_ isse, ibunt, eunt.

3. Eundi, ut eant, ibitis, is. 4. Ne irent, i, ibant, ierat. 5. Caesar per exploratores cognovit Gallos flumen transisse. 6. Romani audiverunt Helvetios inita aestate de finibus suis exituros esse. 7. Legati responderunt neminem ante Caesarem illam insulam adisse. 8. Principes Gallorum dic.u.n.t se nullum consilium contra Caesaris imperium inituros esse. 9. Arbitramur potentiam reginae esse maiorem quam civium.

10. Romani negant se libertatem Gallis erepturos esse. 11. His rebus cognitis sensimus legatos non venisse ad pacem petendam. 12. Helvetii sciunt Romanos priores victorias memoria tenere. 13. Socii c.u.m intellegerent multos vulnerari, statuerunt in suos finis redire.

14. Aliquis nuntiavit Marc.u.m consulem creatum esse.

II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy"s town was ten miles off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.

[Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_,

[Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (--409).]

[Ill.u.s.tration: TUBA]

LESSON LXXIII

VOCABULARY REVIEW THE IRREGULAR VERB _FERO_ THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS

<423.>> Review the word lists in ----513, 514.

<424.>> Learn the princ.i.p.al parts and conjugation of the verb >, _bear_ (--498).

1. Learn the princ.i.p.al parts and meanings of the following compounds of fero, _bear_:

>, _bring together, collect_ >, _bring to; report; grant, confer_ >, _bring in, bring against_ >, _bear back, report_

[ Conjugation given in --498:

PRINc.i.p.aL PARTS > PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lat-

INDICATIVE ACTIVE Pa.s.sIVE _Pres._ fero ferimus feror ferimur fers fertis ferris, -re ferimimi fert ferunt fertur feruntur _Impf._ ferebam ferebar _Fut._ feram, feres, etc. ferar, fereris, etc.

_Perf._ tuli latus, -a, -um sum _Plup._ tuleram latus, -a, -um eram _F.P._ tulero latus, -a, -um ero

SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ feram, feras, etc. ferar, feraris, etc.

_Impf._ ferrem ferrer _Perf._ tulerim latus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ tulissem latus, -a, -um essem

IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre ferimini _Fut. 2d Pers._ ferto fertote fertor _3d Pers._ ferto ferunto fertor feruntor

INFINITIVE _Pres._ ferre ferri _Perf._ tulisse latus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ laturus, -a, -um esse ----

PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ferens, -entis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ laturus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ latus, -a, -um

GERUND _Gen._ ferendi _Dat._ ferendo _Acc._ ferendum _Abl._ ferendo