CXVIII -- TRAJAN TO PLINY
You very justly apprehended that those public invitations which extend to an immoderate number of people, and where the dole is distributed, not singly to a few acquaintances, but, as it were, to whole collective bodies, may be turned to the factious purposes of ambition. But I appointed you to your present government, fully relying upon your prudence, and in the persuasion that you would take proper measures for regulating the manners and settling the peace of the province.
CXIX -- To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN
THE athletic victors, Sir, in the Iselastic[1076] games, conceive that the stipend you have established for the conquerors becomes due from the day they are crowned: for it is not at all material, they say, what time they were triumphantly conducted into their country, but when they merited that honour. On the contrary, when I consider the meaning of the term Iselastic, I am strongly inclined to think that it is intended the stipend should commence from the time of their public entry. They likewise pet.i.tion to be allowed the treat you give at those combats which you have converted into Iselastic, though they were conquerors before the appointment of that inst.i.tution: for it is but reasonable, they a.s.sert, that they should receive the reward in this instance, as they are deprived of it at those games which have been divested of the honour of being Iselastic, since their victory. But I am very doubtful, whether a retrospect should be admitted in the case in question, and a reward given, to which the claimants had no right at the time they obtained the victory. I beg, therefore, you would be pleased to direct my judgment in these points, by explaining the intention of your own benefactions.
CXX -- TRAJAN TO PLINY
THE stipend appointed for the conqueror in the Iselastic games ought not, I think, to commence till he makes his triumphant entry into his city. Nor are the prizes, at those combats which I thought proper to make Iselastic, to be extended backwards to those who were victors before that alteration took place. With regard to the plea which these athletic combatants urge, that they ought to receive the Iselastic prize at those combats which have been made Iselastic subsequent to their conquests, as they are denied it in the same case where the games have ceased to be so, it proves nothing in their favour; for notwithstanding any new arrangements which has been made relating to these games, they are not called upon to return the recompense which they received prior to such alteration.
CXXI -- To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN
I HAVE hitherto never, Sir, granted an order for post-chaises to any person, or upon any occasion, but in affairs that relate to your administration. I find myself, however, at present under a sort of necessity of breaking through this fixed rule. My wife having received an account of her grandfather"s death, and being desirous to wait upon her aunt with all possible expedition, I thought it would be unkind to deny her the use of this privilege; as the grace of so tender an office consists in the early discharge of it, and as I well knew a journey which was founded in filial piety could not fail of your approbation.
I should think myself highly ungrateful therefore, were I not to acknowledge that, among other great obligations which I owe to your indulgence, I have this in particular, that, in confidence of your favour, I have ventured to do, without consulting you, what would have been too late had I waited for your consent.
CXXII -- TRAJAN TO PLINY
You did me justice, my dearest Secundus, in confiding in my affection towards you. Without doubt, if you had waited for my consent to forward your wife in her journey by means of those warrants which I have entrusted to your care, the use of them would not have answered your purpose; since it was proper this visit to her aunt should have the additional recommendation of being paid with all possible expedition.
FOOTNOTES TO THE CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EMPEROR TRAJAN
[Footnote 101: The greater part of the following letters were written by Pliny during his administration in the province of Bithynia. They are of a style and character extremely different from those in the preceding collection; whence some critics have injudiciously inferred that they are the production of another hand: not considering that the occasion necessarily required a different manner. In letters of business, as these chiefly are, turn and sentiment would be foreign and impertinent; politeness and elegance of expression being the essentials that const.i.tute perfection in this kind: and in that view, though they may be less entertaining, they have not less merit than the former. But besides their particular excellence as letters, they have a farther recommendation as so many valuable pieces of history, by throwing a strong light upon the character of one of the most amiable and glorious princes in the Roman annals. Trajan appears throughout in the most striking att.i.tude that majesty can be placed in; in the exertion of power to the G.o.dlike purposes of justice and benevolence: and what one of the ancient historians has said of him is here clearly verified, that "he rather chose to be loved than flattered by his people." To have been distinguished by the favour and friendship of a monarch of so exalted a character is an honour that reflects the brightest l.u.s.tre upon our author; as to have been served and celebrated by a courtier of Pliny"s genius and virtues is the n.o.blest monunient of glory that could have been raised to Trajan. M.]
[Footnote 102: Nerva, who succeeded Domitian, reigned but sixteen months and a few days. Before his death he not only adopted Trajan, and named him for his successor, but actually admitted him into a share of the government; giving him the t.i.tles of Caesar, Germanicus and Imperator. Vid. Plin.
Paneg. M.]
[Footnote 103: $16,000.]
[Footnote 104: One of the four governments of Lower Egypt. M.]
[Footnote 105: The extensive power of paternal authority was (as has been observed in the notes shove) peculiar to the Romans. But after Chrysippus was made a denizen of Rome, he was not, it would seem, consequentially ent.i.tled to that privilege over those children which were horn before his denization. On the other hand, if it was expressly granted him, his children could not preserve their right of patronage over their own freedmen, because that right would of course devolve to their father, by means of this acquired dominion over them. The denization therefore of his children is as expressly solicited as his own. But both parties becoming quirites, the children by this creation, and not pleading in right of their father, would be patres fam. To prevent which the clause is added, "ita ut sint in patris potestate:"
as there is another to save to them their rights of patronage over their freedmen, though they were reduced in patrmam potestate. M.]
[Footnote 106: Pliny enjoyed the office of treasurer in conjunction with Cornutus Tertullus. It was the custom at Rome for those who had colleagues to administer the duties of their posts by monthly turns. Buchner. M.]
[Footnote 107: About $16,000; the annual income of Pliny"s estate in Tuscany. He mentions another near Comum in Milan, the yearly value of which does not appear. We find him likewise meditating the purchase of an estate, for which he was to give about $117,000 of our money; but whether he ever completed that purchase is uncertain. This, however, we are sure of, that his fortunes were but moderate, considering his high station and necessary expenses: and yet, by the advantage of a judicious economy, we hove seen him in the course of these letters, exercising a liberality of which after ages have furnished no parallel. M.]
[Footnote 108: The senators were not allowed to go from Rome into the provinces without having first obtained leave of the emperor. Sicily, however, had the privilege to be excepted out of that law; as Gallia Narbonensis afterwards was, by Claudius Caesar. Tacit. Ann. XII. C. 23. M.]
[Footnote 109: One of the seven priests who presided over the feasts appointed in honour of Jupiter and the other G.o.ds, an office, as appears, of high dignity, since Pliny ranks it with the augurship.]
[Footnote 1010: Bithynia, a province in Anatolia, or Asia Minor, of which Pliny was appointed governor by Trajan, in the sixth year of his reign, A. D.
103, not as an ordinary proconsul, but as that emperor"s own lieutenant, with powers extraordinary. (See Dio.) The following letters were written during his administration of that province. M.]
[Footnote 1011: A north wind in the Grecian seas, which rises yearly come time in July, and continues to the end of August; though others extend it to the middle of September. They blow only in the day-time. Varenius"s Geogr.
V.I. p. 513. M.]
[Footnote 1012: The inhabitants of Prusa (Brusa), a princ.i.p.al city of Bithynia.]
[Footnote 1013: In the sixth year of Trajan"s reign, A. D. 103, and the 41st of our author"s age: he continued in this province about eighteen months.
Vid. Ma.s.s, in Vit. Phin. 129. M.]
[Footnote 1014: Among other n.o.ble works which this glorious emperor executed, the forum or square which went by his name seems to have been the most magnificent. It was built with the foreign spoils he had taken in war.
The covering of this edifice was all bra.s.s, the porticoes exceedingly beautiful and magnificent, with pillars of more than ordinary height and dimensions. In the centre of this forum was erected the famous pillar which has been already described.]
[Footnote 1015: It is probable the victory here alluded to was that famous one which Trajan gained over the Daciaiss; some account of which has been given in the notes above. It is certain, at least, Pliny lived to see his wish accomplished, this emperor having carried the Roman splendour to its highest pitch, and extended the dominions of the empire farther than any of his predecessors; as after his death it began to decline. M.]
[Footnote 1016: The capital of Bithynia; its modern name is Izmid.]
[Footnote 1017: The town of Panticapoeum, also called Bosporus, standing on the European side of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Straits of Kaffa), in the modern Crimea.]
[Footnote 1018: Nicea (as appears by the 15th letter of this book), a city in Bithynia, now called Iznik. M.]
[Footnote 1019: Sarmatia was divided into European, Asiatic, and German Sarmatia.
It is not exactly known what hounds the ancients gave to this extensive region; however, in general, it comprehended the northern part of Russia, and the greater part of Poland, &c. M.]
[Footnote 1020: The first invention of public couriers is ascribed to Cyrus, who, in order to receive the earliest intelligence from the governors of the several provinces, erected post-houses throughout the kingdom of Persia, at equal distances, which supplied men and horses to forward the public despatches. Augustus was the first who introduced this most useful inst.i.tution among the Romans, by employing post-chaises, disposed at convenient distances, for the purpose of political intelligence. The magistrates of every city were obliged to furnish horses for these messengers, upon producing a diploma, or a kind of warrant, either from the emperor himself or from those who had that authority under him.
Sometimes, though upon very extraordinary occasions, persons who travelled upon their private affairs, were allowed the use of these post-chaises. It is surprising they were not sooner used for the purposes of commerce and private communication. Louis XI. first established them in France, in the year 1414; but it was not till the 24th of Car. II, that the post-office was settled in England by Act of Parliament, M.]
[Footnote 1021: Particular temples, altars, and statues were allowed among the Romans as places of privilege and sanctuary to slaves, debtors and malefactors. This custom was introduced by Romulus, who borrowed it probably from the Greeks; but during the free state of Rome, few of these asylums were permitted. This custom prevailed most under the emperors, till it grew so scandalous that the Emperor Pius found it necessary to restrain those privileged places by an edict. See Lipsii Excurs. ad Taeiti Ann. III, C. 36, M.]
[Footnote 1022: General under Deeebalus, king of the Dacians. M.]
[Footnote 1023: A province in Daeia, comprehending the southern parts of Servia and part of Bulgaria. M.]
[Footnote 1024: The second expedition of Trajan against Decebalus was undertaken the same year that Pliny went governor into this province; the reason therefore why Pliny sent this Calhidromus to the emperor seems to be that some use might possibly be made of him in favour of that design, M.]
[Footnote 1025: Receiver of the finances. M.]
[Footnote 1026: The coast round the Black Sea.]
[Footnote 1027: The text calls him primipilarem, that is, one who had been Prirnipilus, in officer in the army, whose post was both highly honourable and profitable; among other parts of his office he had the care of the eagle, or chief standard of the legion. M.]