1780. Emanc.i.p.ation in Ma.s.sachusetts and Pennsylvania.
1783. Peace between IL S. A. and Great Britain, September 3d.
1785. Great prosperity of British factories about this time.
1787. Slavery prohibited north of Ohio River; slave-trade opposed in England; Bentham"s Principles of Morals and Legislation published.
1788. Const.i.tution of U. S. A. ratified by a sufficient number of States, June 21st.
1789. Bastille taken, July 14th.
1791. Paine"s Rights of Man, Part L, published, March 13th; Louis XVI.
accepts the new const.i.tution, September 14th.
1792. France a republic, September 21st.
1793. Slavery abolished in French colonies, February 4th.
1795. Insurrection in Paris crushed by Bonaparte, October 5th; free public schools founded throughout France.
1796. Bonaparte commander of army of Italy, March 4th.
1797. French Directory makes itself absolute, September 4th; Venice ceded by France to Austria.
1798. Irish rebellion, May 23d.
1799. Usurpation by Bonaparte, November 10th.
1800. Election of Jefferson; Sch.e.l.ling"s Transcendental Idealism published.
1801. Inauguration of Jefferson, March 4th.
1802. Birth of Victor Hugo, February 26th; Lamarck"s Recherches published.
1803. Hayti declares herself independent, January 2d; death of Toussaint in prison, April 27th; birth of Emerson, May 25th; Emmet"s insurrection in Ireland, July 23d.
1804. The Code Napoleon announced, January; Napoleon pro-Liberty in the Nineteenth Century claimed Emperor, May 18th; crowned, December 2d; Schiller"s William Tell published.
1805. Battle of Austerlitz, December 2d.
1806. Death of Schiller, May 9th; birth of J. S. Mill, May 20th; battle of Jena, October 14th; Berlin decree of Napoleon against commerce with Great Britain, November 21st.
1807. Slave-trade prohibited by Great Britain, March 25th; Peace of Tilsit, July 7th, raises Napoleon to height of power; embargo laid by U.
S. A., December 22d; Oken announces the vertebral a.n.a.logy of the skull; Hegel"s Phaenomenologie des Geistes published.
1808. Rebellion of Spaniards against French rule; witchcraft mob in England; Goethe"s Faust, Part L, published.
1809. Birth of Darwin, February 12th; revolt of Tyrolese under Hofer, April 8th; states of the Church annexed to France, May 17th; death of Paine, June 8th; Pope imprisoned, July 6th; divorce of Josephine, December 15th; Lamarck"s Philosophie Zoologique published.
1810. Hofer shot, February 20th; marriage of Napoleon with Austrian Archd.u.c.h.ess, April 1st; post-offices required to open every Sunday in U.
S. A., April 30th; revolt against Spanish rule of Buenos Ayres, May 25th, and of Chili, September 18th.
1811. Nottingham riots against machinery, November.
1812. Birth of d.i.c.kens, February 7th; war against Great Britain declared by U. S. A., June 18th; Wellington enters Madrid, August 12th; Moscow burned, September 14th; Byron"s Childe Harold, Coleridge"s Friend, and Hegel"s Logik published.
1813. Wellington invades France, October 7th; battle of Leipsic, October 16th, 18th, and 19th; Francia ruler of Paraguay; Unitarian disabilities removed in England; Sh.e.l.ley"s Queen Mab and Owen"s New View of Society published.
1814. Napoleon is deposed by Senate, April 1st, and abdicates, April 11th; liberal const.i.tution introduced by Louis XVIII., May; Washington taken and burned by British, August 24th; Peace of Ghent between U. S.
A. and Great Britain, December 24th; Congress of Vienna opens November 3d; graves of Voltaire and Rousseau violated.
1815. Battle of New Orleans, January 8th; Waterloo, June 18th; controversy of Unitarians and Trinitarians in U. S. A.; last heretic burned in Mexico; Lamarck publishes the first volume of his Histoire Naturelle.
1817. Sh.e.l.ley"s children taken from him on account of his opinions, March 26th; demonstration at the Wartburg, October 18th; unusual poverty in England; her authors and orators made liable to imprisonment without a trial; Ben-tham demands suffrage for men and women not illiterate; Sh.e.l.ley"s Revolt of Islam published.
1818. Chili liberated by battle of Maipu, won by San Martin, April 5th; religious tests abolished in Connecticut; Hannah M. Crocker"s Rights of Women published.
1819. a.s.sa.s.sination of Kotzebue, March 23d; Carlsbad Conference, August 1st; "Peterloo" ma.s.sacre at Manchester, August 16th; Sh.e.l.ley"s Prometheus Unbound published.
1820. Revolution in Spain, January 1st; and at Naples, July 2d; a.s.sa.s.sination of French princes, February 13th, causes reaction against liberalism; birth of Herbert Spencer, April 27th; Owen"s plan of Socialism proposed, May 1st; conference of Troppau, December 8th; Missouri Compromise; Sydney Smith asks, "Who reads an American book?"; Irving"s Rip Van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow published.
1821. Brazil begins a revolt, January 1st, as do Greece and Sardinia in April, and Peru in July; death of Napoleon, May 5th; Venezuela and Colombra made free by battle of Carabolo, won June 24th, by Bolivar; Austria supreme in Italy; Lundy begins his Genius of Universal Emanc.i.p.ation.
1822. Death of Sh.e.l.ley, July 8th; independence of Brazil proclaimed, September 8th; ma.s.sacre at Scio; Fourrier"s book on a.s.sociation published.
1823. Spanish patriots crushed by French army, April; Monroe Doctrine announced, December 1st; British Anti-Slavery Society formed; Victor Hugo"s Odes and Ballads published.
1824. Mexico a republic, January 31st; Bolivar, dictator of Feru, February 10th, defeats Spaniards at Ayachuco, December 9th; death of Byron, April 19th; accession of Charles X., September 16th; repeal of statutes forbidding English labourers to combine or emigrate; Westminster Review founded.
1825. Much opposition to slavery in Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina; many socialist communities founded in U. S. A.; elective courses of study at Harvard College, and also at the University of Virginia, where attendance at religious exercises is made voluntary; Coleridge"s Aids to Reflection published.
1826. Citizens of New York pet.i.tion for repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, and for emanc.i.p.ation in the District of Columbia.
1827. Battle of Navarino, October 20th; Taylor sent to prison for blasphemy, October 24th.
1828. Test Act repealed; Frances Wright lectures against clergy.
1829. Jackson inaugurated March 4th; Catholic Emanc.i.p.ation Act signed, April 13th; Miss Wright opens a Hall of Science in New York City on Sunday, April 25th; James Mill"s a.n.a.lysis and Fourrier"s Industrial New World published.
1830. Independence of Greece acknowledged by Turkey, April 25th; accession of William IV., July 26th; revolution at Paris begins July 27th; King"s troops driven out, July 29th; he is succeeded by Louis Philippe, August 9th; revolts in Brussels, Warsaw, and Dresden; independence of Belgium acknowledged, December 26th; Hetherington sent to prison for six months for publishing The Poor Man"s Guardian; Victor Hugo"s Hernani acted; Tennyson"s Poems and Lyell"s Principles of Geology published.
1831. First number of The Liberator January 1st, and of The Investigator, April 2d; Carlile sent to prison for his writings, January 10th; Cobbett tried and acquitted, July 31st; ma.s.sacre of fifty-five white men, women, and children by slaves in Virginia, Sunday, August 21st; Warsaw surrenders to Russians, September 7th; Reform Bill defeated by bishops, October 7th; Jamaica insurrection, December 22d; free trade convention in Philadelphia; Victor Hugo"s Notre Dame de Paris published.
1832. New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston, January 1st (becomes Ma.s.s. A. S. in 1836); death of Goethe, March 22d; the insurrection at Paris described in Les Miserables, June 5th and 6th; Reform Bill pa.s.sed and signed, June 7th; Jackson re-elected, November 6th; woman suffrage lecture in London, December 2d; Jackson"s proclamation against attempt of South Carolina to secede, December 11th; b.l.o.o.d.y resistance to t.i.thes in Ireland; Elliott"s Corn Law Rhymes published.
1833. Gradual reduction of tariff voted by Congress, March 1st; death of Bentham, June 6th; Act of Parliament for emanc.i.p.ation in West Indies pa.s.sed August 28th; American Anti-Slavery Society founded at Philadelphia, December; pro-slavery mobs there and in New York City; munic.i.p.al suffrage extended in Scotland; unsectarian public schools in Ireland; first free town library in U. S. A. founded at Peterboro, N.
H., and opened Sundays thenceforth; Emerson"s first lecture; Carlyle"s Sartor Resartus published.