"Can sins of moment claim the rod Of everlasting fires?
And that offend great Nature"s G.o.d, Which Nature"s self inspires[1027]?"
and that Dr. Johnson observed, "it had been borrowed from _Guarini_."
There are, indeed, in _Pastor Fido_, many such flimsy superficial reasonings, as that in the last two lines of this stanza. BOSWELL. "In that stanza of Pope"s, "_rod of fires_" is certainly a bad metaphor."
MRS. THRALE. "And "sins of _moment_" is a faulty expression; for its true import is _momentous_, which cannot be intended." JOHNSON. "It must have been written "of _moments_." Of _moment_, is _momentous_; of _moments_, _momentary_. I warrant you, however, Pope wrote this stanza, and some friend struck it out. Boileau wrote some such thing, and Arnaud[1028] struck it out, saying, "_Vous gagnerez deux ou trois impies, et perdrez je ne scais combien des honnettes gens_." These fellows want to say a daring thing, and don"t know how to go about it. Mere poets know no more of fundamental principles than--." Here he was interrupted somehow. Mrs. Thrale mentioned Dryden. JOHNSON. "He puzzled himself about predestination.--How foolish was it in Pope to give all his friendship to Lords, who thought they honoured him by being with him; and to choose such Lords as Burlington, and Cobham, and Bolingbroke!
Bathurst was negative, a pleasing man; and I have heard no ill of Marchmont; and then always saying, "I do not value you for being a Lord;" which was a sure proof that he did[1029]. I never say, I do not value Boswell more for being born to an estate, because I do not care."
BOSWELL. "Nor for being a Scotchman?" JOHNSON. "Nay, Sir, I do value you more for being a Scotchman. You are a Scotchman without the faults of a Scotchman. You would not have been so valuable as you are, had you not been a Scotchman."
Talking of divorces, I asked if Oth.e.l.lo"s doctrine was not plausible?
"He that is robb"d, not wanting what is stolen, Let him not know"t, and he"s not robb"d at all[1030]."
Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Thrale joined against this. JOHNSON. "Ask any man if he"d wish not to know of such an injury." BOSWELL. "Would you tell your friend to make him unhappy?" JOHNSON. "Perhaps, Sir, I should not; but that would be from prudence on my own account. A man would tell his father." BOSWELL. "Yes; because he would not have spurious children to get any share of the family inheritance." MRS. THRALE. "Or he would tell his brother." BOSWELL. "Certainly his _elder_ brother." JOHNSON. "You would tell your friend of a woman"s infamy, to prevent his marrying a wh.o.r.e: there is the same reason to tell him of his wife"s infidelity, when he is married, to prevent the consequences of imposition. It is a breach of confidence not to tell a friend." BOSWELL. "Would you tell Mr.----[1031]?" (naming a gentleman who a.s.suredly was not in the least danger of such a miserable disgrace, though married to a fine woman.) JOHNSON. "No, Sir; because it would do no good: he is so sluggish, he"d never go to parliament and get through a divorce."
He said of one of our friends[1032], "He is ruining himself without pleasure. A man who loses at play, or who runs out his fortune at court, makes his estate less, in hopes of making it bigger: (I am sure of this word, which was often used by him:) but it is a sad thing to pa.s.s through the quagmire of parsimony, to the gulph of ruin. To pa.s.s over the flowery path of extravagance is very well."
Amongst the numerous prints pasted[1033] on the walls of the dining-room at Streatham, was Hogarth"s "Modern Midnight Conversation." I asked him what he knew of Parson Ford[1034], who makes a conspicuous figure in the riotous group. JOHNSON. "Sir, he was my acquaintance and relation, my mother"s nephew. He had purchased a living in the country, but not simoniacally. I never saw him but in the country. I have been told he was a man of great parts; very profligate, but I never heard he was impious." BOSWELL. "Was there not a story of his ghost having appeared?"
JOHNSON. "Sir, it was believed. A waiter at the Hummums[1035], in which house Ford died, had been absent for some time, and returned, not knowing that Ford was dead. Going down to the cellar, according to the story, he met him; going down again he met him a second time. When he came up, he asked some of the people of the house what Ford could be doing there. They told him Ford was dead. The waiter took a fever, in which he lay for some time. When he recovered, he said he had a message to deliver to some women from Ford; but he was not to tell what, or to whom. He walked out; he was followed; but somewhere about St. Paul"s they lost him. He came back, and said he had delivered the message, and the women exclaimed, "Then we are all undone!" Dr. Pellet, who was not a credulous man, inquired into the truth of this story, and he said, the evidence was irresistible. My wife went to the Hummums; (it is a place where people get themselves cupped.) I believe she went with intention to hear about this story of Ford. At first they were unwilling to tell her; but, after they had talked to her, she came away satisfied that it was true. To be sure the man had a fever; and this vision may have been the beginning of it. But if the message to the women, and their behaviour upon it, were true as related, there was something supernatural. That rests upon his word; and there it remains."
After Mrs. Thrale was gone to bed, Johnson and I sat up late. We resumed Sir Joshua Reynolds"s argument on the preceding Sunday, that a man would be virtuous though he had no other motive than to preserve his character. JOHNSON. "Sir, it is not true: for as to this world vice does not hurt a man"s character." BOSWELL. "Yes, Sir, debauching a friend"s wife will." JOHNSON. "No, Sir. Who thinks the worse of ----[1036] for it?"
BOSWELL. "Lord ----[1037] was not his friend." JOHNSON. "That is only a circ.u.mstance, Sir; a slight distinction. He could not get into the house but by Lord ----. A man is chosen Knight of the shire, not the less for having debauched ladies." BOSWELL. "What, Sir, if he debauched the ladies of gentlemen in the county, will not there be a general resentment against him?" JOHNSON. "No, Sir. He will lose those particular gentlemen; but the rest will not trouble their heads about it." (warmly.) BOSWELL. "Well, Sir, I cannot think so." JOHNSON. "Nay, Sir, there is no talking with a man who will dispute what every body knows, (angrily.) Don"t you know this?" BOSWELL. "No, Sir; and I wish to think better of your country than you represent it. I knew in Scotland a gentleman obliged to leave it for debauching a lady; and in one of our counties an Earl"s brother lost his election, because he had debauched the lady of another Earl in that county, and destroyed the peace of a n.o.ble family."
Still he would not yield. He proceeded: "Will you not allow, Sir, that vice does not hurt a man"s character so as to obstruct his prosperity in life, when you know that ----[1038] was loaded with wealth and honours; a man who had acquired his fortune by such crimes, that his consciousness of them impelled him to cut his own throat." BOSWELL. "You will recollect, Sir, that Dr. Robertson said, he cut his throat because he was weary of still life; little things not being sufficient to move his great mind." JOHNSON, (very angry.) "Nay, Sir, what stuff is this! You had no more this opinion after Robertson said it, than before. I know nothing more offensive than repeating what one knows to be foolish things, by way of continuing a dispute, to see what a man will answer,--to make him your b.u.t.t!" (angrier still.) BOSWELL. "My dear Sir, I had no such intentions as you seem to suspect; I had not indeed. Might not this n.o.bleman have felt every thing "weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable[1039]," as Hamlet says?" JOHNSON. "Nay, if you are to bring in gabble, I"ll talk no more. I will not, upon my honour."--My readers will decide upon this dispute.
Next morning I stated to Mrs. Thrale at breakfast, before he came down, the dispute of last night as to the influence of character upon success in life. She said he was certainly wrong; and told me, that a Baronet lost an election in Wales, because he had debauched the sister of a gentleman in the county, whom he made one of his daughters invite as her companion at his seat in the country, when his lady and his other children were in London. But she would not encounter Johnson upon the subject.
I staid all this day with him at Streatham. He talked a great deal, in very good humour.
Looking at Messrs. Dilly"s splendid edition of Lord Chesterfield"s miscellaneous works, he laughed, and said, "Here now are two speeches ascribed to him, both of which were written by me: and the best of it is, they have found out that one is like Demosthenes, and the other like Cicero[1040]."
He censured Lord Kames"s _Sketches of the History of Man_[1041], for misrepresenting Clarendon"s account of the appearance of Sir George Villiers"s ghost, as if Clarendon were weakly credulous; when the truth is, that Clarendon only says, that the story was upon a better foundation of credit, than usually such discourses are founded upon[1042]; nay, speaks thus of the person who was reported to have seen the vision, "the poor man, _if he had been at all waking_;" which Lord Kames has omitted. He added, "in this book it is maintained that virtue is natural to man, and that if we would but consult our own hearts we should be virtuous.[1043] Now after consulting our own hearts all we can, and with all the helps we have, we find how few of us are virtuous. This is saying a thing which all mankind know not to be true." BOSWELL. "Is not modesty natural?" JOHNSON. "I cannot say, Sir, as we find no people quite in a state of nature; but I think the more they are taught, the more modest they are. The French are a gross, ill-bred, untaught people; a lady there will spit on the floor and rub it with her foot.[1044] What I gained by being in France was, learning to be better satisfied with my own country. Time may be employed to more advantage from nineteen to twenty-four almost in any way than in travelling; when you set travelling against mere negation, against doing nothing, it is better to be sure; but how much more would a young man improve were he to study during those years. Indeed, if a young man is wild, and must run after women and bad company, it is better this should be done abroad, as, on his return, he can break off such connections, and begin at home a new man, with a character to form, and acquaintances to make[1045]. How little does travelling supply to the conversation of any man who has travelled; how little to Beauclerk!" BOSWELL. "What say you to Lord ----?" JOHNSON. "I never but once heard him talk of what he had seen, and that was of a large serpent in one of the Pyramids of Egypt."
BOSWELL. "Well, I happened to hear him tell the same thing, which made me mention him[1046]."
I talked of a country life. JOHNSON. "Were I to live in the country, I would not devote myself to the acquisition of popularity; I would live in a much better way, much more happily; I would have my time at my own command[1047]." BOSWELL. "But, Sir, is it not a sad thing to be at a distance from all our literary friends?" JOHNSON. "Sir, you will by and by have enough of this conversation, which now delights you so much."
[1048]
As he was a zealous friend of subordination, he was at all times watchful to repress the vulgar cant against the manners of the great; [1049] High people, Sir, (said he,) are the best; take a hundred ladies of quality, you"ll find them better wives, better mothers, more willing to sacrifice their own pleasure to their children than a hundred other women. Tradeswomen (I mean the wives of tradesmen) in the city, who are worth from ten to fifteen thousand pounds, are the worst creatures upon the earth, grossly ignorant, and thinking viciousness fashionable.
Farmers, I think, are often worthless fellows[1050]. Few lords will cheat; and, if they do, they"ll be ashamed of it: farmers cheat and are not ashamed of it: they have all the sensual vices too of the n.o.bility, with cheating into the bargain. There is as much fornication and adultery among farmers as amongst n.o.blemen." BOSWELL. "The notion of the world, Sir, however is, that the morals of women of quality are worse than those in lower stations." JOHNSON. "Yes, Sir, the licentiousness of one woman of quality makes more noise than that of a number of women in lower stations; then, Sir, you are to consider the malignity of women in the city against women of quality, which will make them believe any thing of them, such as that they call their coachmen to bed. No, Sir, so far as I have observed, the higher in rank, the richer ladies are, they are the better instructed and the more virtuous."
This year the Reverend Mr. Horne published his _Letter to Mr. Dunning on the English Particle_; Johnson read it, and though not treated in it with sufficient respect[1051], he had candour enough to say to Mr. Seward, "Were I to make a new edition of my _Dictionary_, I would adopt several[1052] of Mr. Horne"s etymologies; I hope they did not put the dog in the pillory for his libel; he has too much literature for that[1053]."
On Sat.u.r.day, May 16, I dined with him at Mr. Beauclerk"s with Mr.
Langton, Mr. Steevens, Dr. Higgins, and some others. I regret very feelingly every instance of my remissness in recording his _memorabilia_; I am afraid it is the condition of humanity (as Mr.
Windham, of Norfolk, once observed to me, after having made an admirable speech in the House of Commons, which was highly applauded, but which he afterwards perceived might have been better:) "that we are more uneasy from thinking of our wants, than happy in thinking of our acquisitions."
This is an unreasonable mode of disturbing our tranquillity, and should be corrected; let me then comfort myself with the large treasure of Johnson"s conversation which I have preserved for my own enjoyment and that of the world, and let me exhibit what I have upon each occasion, whether more or less, whether a bulse[1054], or only a few sparks of a diamond.
He said, "Dr. Mead lived more in the broad sunshine of life than almost any man[1055]." The disaster of General Burgoyne"s army was then the common topic of conversation. It was asked why piling their arms was insisted upon as a matter of such consequence, when it seemed to be a circ.u.mstance so inconsiderable in itself[1056]. JOHNSON. "Why, Sir, a French authour says, "_Il y a beaucoup de puerilites dans la guerre_."
All distinctions are trifles, because great things can seldom occur, and those distinctions are settled by custom. A savage would as willingly have his meat sent to him in the kitchen, as eat it at the table here; as men become civilized, various modes of denoting honourable preference are invented."
He this day made the observations upon the similarity between _Ra.s.selas_ and _Candide_, which I have inserted in its proper place[1057], when considering his admirable philosophical Romance. He said _Candide_ he thought had more power in it than any thing that _Voltaire_ had written.
He said, "the lyrical part of Horace never can be perfectly translated; so much of the excellence is in the numbers and the expression. Francis has done it the best; I"ll take his, five out of six, against them all."
On Sunday, May 17, I presented to him Mr. Fullarton, of Fullarton, who has since distinguished himself so much in India[1058], to whom he naturally talked of travels, as Mr. Brydone accompanied him in his tour to Sicily and Malta. He said, "The information which we have from modern travellers is much more authentick than what we had from ancient travellers; ancient travellers guessed; modern travellers measure[1059].
The Swiss admit that there is but one errour in Stanyan[1060]. If Brydone were more attentive to his Bible, he would be a good traveller[1061]."
He said, "Lord Chatham was a Dictator; he possessed the power of putting the State in motion; now there is no power, all order is relaxed."
BOSWELL. "Is there no hope of a change to the better?" JOHNSON. "Why, yes, Sir, when we are weary of this relaxation. So the City of London will appoint its Mayors again by seniority[1062]." BOSWELL. "But is not that taking a mere chance for having a good or a bad Mayor?" JOHNSON.
"Yes, Sir; but the evil of compet.i.tion is greater than that of the worst Mayor that can come; besides, there is no more reason to suppose that the choice of a rabble will be right, than that chance will be right."
On Tuesday, May 19, I was to set out for Scotland in the evening. He was engaged to dine with me at Mr. Dilly"s, I waited upon him to remind him of his appointment and attend him thither; he gave me some salutary counsel, and recommended vigorous resolution against any deviation from moral duty. BOSWELL. "But you would not have me to bind myself by a solemn obligation?" JOHNSON, (much agitated) "What! a vow--O, no, Sir, a vow is a horrible thing, it is a snare for sin[1063]. The man who cannot go to Heaven without a vow--may go--." Here, standing erect, in the middle of his library, and rolling grand, his pause was truly a curious compound of the solemn and the ludicrous; he half-whistled in his usual way, when pleasant, and he paused, as if checked by religious awe.
Methought he would have added--to h.e.l.l--but was restrained. I humoured the dilemma. "What! Sir, (said I,) _In caelum jusseris ibit_[1064]?"
alluding to his imitation of it,--
"And bid him go to h.e.l.l, to h.e.l.l he goes."
I had mentioned to him a slight fault in his n.o.ble _Imitation of the Tenth Satire of Juvenal_, a too near recurrence of the verb _spread_, in his description of the young Enthusiast at College:--
"Through all his veins the fever of renown, _Spreads_ from the strong contagion of the gown; O"er Bodley"s dome his future labours _spread_, And Bacon"s mansion trembles o"er his head[1065]."
He had desired me to change _spreads_ to _burns_, but for perfect authenticity, I now had it done with his own hand[1066]. I thought this alteration not only cured the fault, but was more poetical, as it might carry an allusion to the shirt by which Hercules was inflamed.
We had a quiet comfortable meeting at Mr. Dilly"s; n.o.body there but ourselves. Mr. Dilly mentioned somebody having wished that Milton"s _Tractate on Education_ should be printed along with his Poems in the edition of _The English Poets_ then going on. JOHNSON. "It would be breaking in upon the plan; but would be of no great consequence. So far as it would be any thing, it would be wrong. Education in England has been in danger of being hurt by two of its greatest men, Milton and Locke. Milton"s plan is impracticable, and I suppose has never been tried. Locke"s, I fancy, has been tried often enough, but is very imperfect; it gives too much to one side, and too little to the other; it gives too little to literature[1067].--I shall do what I can for Dr.
Watts; but my materials are very scanty. His poems are by no means his best works; I cannot praise his poetry itself highly; but I can praise its design[1068]."
My ill.u.s.trious friend and I parted with a.s.surances of affectionate regard.
I wrote to him on the 25th of May, from Thorpe in Yorkshire, one of the seats of Mr. Bosville[1069], and gave him an account of my having pa.s.sed a day at Lincoln, unexpectedly, and therefore without having any letters of introduction, but that I had been honoured with civilities from the Reverend Mr. Simpson, an acquaintance of his, and Captain Broadley, of the Lincolnshire Militia; but more particularly from the Reverend Dr.
Gordon, the Chancellor, who first received me with great politeness as a stranger, and when I informed him who I was, entertained me at his house with the most flattering attention; I also expressed the pleasure with which I had found that our worthy friend Langton was highly esteemed in his own county town.
"To DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON.
"Edinburgh, June 18, 1778.
"MY DEAR SIR,
"Since my return to Scotland, I have been again at Lanark, and have had more conversation with Thomson"s sister. It is strange that Murdoch, who was his intimate friend, should have mistaken his mother"s maiden name, which he says was Hume, whereas Hume was the name of his grandmother by the mother"s side. His mother"s name was Beatrix Trotter[1070], a daughter of Mr. Trotter, of Fogo, a small proprietor of land. Thomson had one brother, whom he had with him in England as his amanuensis; but he was seized with a consumption, and having returned to Scotland, to try what his native air would do for him, died young. He had three sisters, one married to Mr. Bell, minister of the parish of Strathaven; one to Mr. Craig, father of the ingenious architect, who gave the plan of the New Town of Edinburgh; and one to Mr. Thomson, master of the grammar-school at Lanark. He was of a humane and benevolent disposition; not only sent valuable presents to his sisters, but a yearly allowance in money, and was always wishing to have it in his power to do them more good. Lord Lyttelton"s observation, that "he loathed much to write," was very true. His letters to his sister, Mrs. Thomson, were not frequent, and in one of them he says, "All my friends who know me, know how backward I am to write letters; and never impute the negligence of my hand to the coldness of my heart." I send you a copy of the last letter which she had from him[1071]; she never heard that he had any intention of going into holy orders. From this late interview with his sister, I think much more favourably of him, as I hope you will. I am eager to see more of your Prefaces to the Poets; I solace myself with the few proof-sheets which I have.
"I send another parcel of Lord Hailes"s _Annals_[1072], which you will please to return to me as soon as you conveniently can. He says, "he wishes you would cut a little deeper;" but he may be proud that there is so little occasion to use the critical knife. I ever am, my dear Sir,
"Your faithful and affectionate,
"humble servant,
"JAMES BOSWELL."