Lincoln"s Use of The Bible.
by Samuel Trevena Jackson.
When quiet in my house I sit, Thy book be my companion still; My joy thy sayings to repeat, Talk o"er the records of thy will, And search the oracles divine, Till every heartfelt word be mine.
--_Charles Wesley._
The Bible is a book of faith, A book of doctrine, And a book of religion, Of especial revelation from G.o.d.
--_Daniel Webster._
And weary seekers of the best, We come back laden from our quest, To find that all the sages said-- Is in the Book our mothers read.
--_Whittier._
LINCOLN"S USE OF THE BIBLE
"The Bible is the king"s best copy, the magistrate"s best rule, the housewife"s best guide, the servant"s best directory, and the best companion of youth."
In a log cabin at Nolin"s Creek, Hardin County, Kentucky, the boy breathed the first breath of life. Hope"s anchor hung on a slender string, if we are to measure by the child"s home surroundings. But his birthplace possessed a soul; for a home with a good book in it has a soul. This book was the Bible. It mastered his manners, molded his mind, made mighty his manhood, and gave to America the matchless man.
In the Bible he found the truth for the ills of men, the secret for the solution of life"s perplexing problems, the boon for the best beaten path, the succor for the suffering, the calmest comforts for the dying, and the faithful friend when foes are near and other friends so far away.
We shall speak of what others have said concerning Lincoln"s use of the Bible; what he himself said of it; the use he made of it; and the influence of the Scriptures on his life and literature.
In Herndon"s Life of Lincoln the partner and President is portrayed as a foe rather than a friend of the Bible. This is seen to be erroneous by simply reading his speeches, for they are like the dewdrops on the blades of green in early fall, sparkling everywhere. It is hard to read a great speech of Lincoln"s without seeing the influence of the Bible on his life, works, and style.
Sarah K. Bolton writes: "Mrs. Lincoln possessed but one book in the world, the Bible; and from this she taught her children daily. Abraham had been to school for two or three months, to such a school as the rude country afforded, and had learned to read. Of quick mind and retentive memory, he soon came to know the Bible well-nigh by heart, and to look upon his gentle teacher as the embodiment of all the good precepts in the book."
Lincoln"s mother died after a lingering illness when he was ten years old.
It is said that during her sickness he cared for her as tenderly as a girl, and that he often sat at her side and read the Bible to her for hours. Much of his later life and style was influenced by his early reading of the Bible.
L. E. Chittenden says: "Except the instructions of his mother, the Bible more powerfully controlled the intellectual development of the son than all other causes combined. He memorized many of its chapters and had them perfectly at his command. Early in his professional life he learned that the most useful of all books to the public speaker was the Bible. After 1857 he seldom made a speech which did not contain quotations from the Bible."
Alexander Williamson, who was engaged as tutor in the Lincoln family in Washington, said: "Mr. Lincoln very frequently studied the Bible with the aid of Cruden"s Concordance, which lay on his table." The Presbyterian pastor in Springfield, Rev. James Smith, states that Lincoln became a believer in the Bible and Jesus Christ as the Son of G.o.d. It is true that Mr. Smith placed before Lincoln the arguments for and against the divine authority of the Scriptures. He looked at it from a lawyer"s viewpoint, and, at the conclusion, declared the argument in favor of divine authority and inspiration of the Bible unanswerable.
Mr. Arnold, in his Life of Lincoln, speaking of the Second Inaugural Address, said: "Since the days of Christ"s Sermon on the Mount, where is the speech of emperor, king, or ruler which can compare with this? May we not without irreverence say that pa.s.sages of this address are worthy of that holy book which he read daily, and from which, during his long days of trial, he had drawn inspiration and guidance? This paper in its solemn recognition of the justice of the Almighty G.o.d reminds us of the words of the old Hebrew prophets."
Bishop Simpson, in his funeral address, said: "Abraham Lincoln was a good man, a man of n.o.ble heart in every way. He read the Bible frequently; he loved it for its great truths; and he tried to be guided by its precepts.
He believed in Christ as the Saviour of sinners, and I think he was sincere in trying to bring his life in harmony with the precepts of revealed religion. I doubt if any President has shown such trust in G.o.d, or in public doc.u.ment so frequently referred to divine aid."
In the year 1901 President Roosevelt delivered an address before the American Bible Society on "Reading the Bible," in which he said: "Lincoln, sad, patient, kindly Lincoln, who, after bearing upon his shoulders for four years a greater burden than that borne by any other man of the nineteenth century, laid down his life for the people whom, living, he had served so well, built up his entire reading upon his study of the Bible. He had mastered it absolutely, mastered it as later he mastered only one or two other books, notably Shakespeare, mastered it so that he became almost a man of one book who knew that book, and who instinctively put into practice what he had been taught therein; and he left his life as part of the crowning work of the century just closed."
Lincoln often spoke and wrote of the value of the Bible. To Joshua F.
Speed, one of his most intimate friends, and at one time his roommate, he wrote: "I am profitably engaged in reading the Bible. Take all of this book upon reason that you can, and the balance on faith, and you will live and die a better man," Mrs. Speed gave Lincoln a Bible, and, after a visit to that home in 1841, he wrote to the daughter, Mary Speed, and at the close said: "Tell your mother I have not got her present (an Oxford Bible) with me, but I intend to read it regularly when I return home. I doubt not that it is really, as she says, the best cure for the blues, could one but take it according to truth."
On July 4, 1842, in writing to his friend Speed of the service he had been in bringing Joshua and f.a.n.n.y, his sweetheart, together, he said: "I believe G.o.d made me one of the instruments of bringing you and f.a.n.n.y together, which union I have no doubt he had foreordained. Whatever he designs he will do for me yet. "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord" is my text just now."
It is stated on good authority that after his election in 1860 he said to Judge Joseph Gillespie: "I have read on my knees the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of G.o.d prayed in vain that the cup of bitterness might pa.s.s from him. I am in the garden of Gethsemane now, and my cup is running over."
Lincoln"s reply to a committee of colored people of Baltimore who presented him with a Bible, September 7, 1864, gives his opinion of the Bible: "In regard to this great book I have but to say: It is the best gift G.o.d has given to man. All the good Saviour gave to this world was communicated through this book. But for it we could not know right from wrong. All things most desirable for man"s welfare here and hereafter are to be found portrayed in it. To you I return my most sincere thanks for the very elegant copy of the great Book of G.o.d which you present."
At Springfield he addressed the Bible Society and said: "It seems to me that nothing short of infinite wisdom could by any possibility have devised and given to man this excellent and perfect moral code. It is suited to men in all the conditions of life, and inculcates all the duties they owe to their Creator, to themselves, and to their fellow men."
In J. G. Holland"s Life of Lincoln he gives us the conversation with Mr.
Bateman: "Mr. Bateman, I have carefully read the Bible." Then he drew from his pocket a New Testament: "These men will know that I am for freedom in the territories, freedom everywhere as far as the Const.i.tution and laws will permit, and my opponents are for slavery. They know this, yet, with this book in their hands, in the light of which human bondage cannot live a moment, they are going to vote against me. I know there is a G.o.d, and that he hates injustice and slavery. I see the storm coming, and I know that his hand is in it. If he has a place for me--and I think he has--I believe I am ready. I am nothing, but truth is everything. I know I am right, for Christ teaches it, and Christ is G.o.d."
In his Lyceum speech he speaks of the advantage of an education and being able to read the history of his own and other countries, by which we may appreciate the value of our free inst.i.tutions, to say nothing of the advantages and satisfaction to be derived from all being able to read for themselves the Scriptures and other works both of a religious and moral nature. In this same speech he uses this language: "If destruction be our lot we must ourselves be its author and finisher." Then, speaking of the Revolution, he desired the history of it to "be read and recounted as long as the Bible shall be read."
The night before the President left Springfield for the White House a friend from Chicago sent him the American flag with these words: "Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the Lord thy G.o.d is with thee whithersoever thou goest. There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee."
It has been said by those who pride themselves on having no faith in the inspiration of the Scriptures that Lincoln held their views. But he addressed conventions and Sunday-schools, and the Bible was as often quoted by him as Blackstone. The addresses and letters of Lincoln are saturated with expressions from the Holy Scriptures. In his reply to Douglas he gave his speech great force by the words of Christ: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." In writing to Mr. W. Durley he uses scriptural terms: "By the fruit the tree is to be known. An evil tree cannot bring forth good fruit."
Ann Rutledge gave him a new view of the Bible and Shakespeare. Abraham Lincoln"s is the language of the Bible. He never used the Bible in an irreverent way. In the Lincoln Museum, Washington, there is a copy of the Holy Scriptures. It is well worn, and shows the signs of good use. Inside the cover are these words in his own handwriting: "A. Lincoln, his own book."
He wrote a letter to Rev. J. M. Peck in 1848 asking him, "Is the precept, "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them,"
obsolete, of no force, of no application?" In his description of Niagara he said: "It calls up the indefinite past when Christ suffered on the cross, when Moses led Israel through the Red Sea--nay, even when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker; then, as now, Niagara was roaring here."
In writing to John D. Johnston concerning his father"s illness, he said: "I sincerely hope Father will recover his health, but, at all events, tell him to remember and call upon and confide in our great and good and merciful Maker. He notes the fall of the sparrow and numbers the hairs of our heads, and he will not forget the dying man who puts his trust in him."
Mr. William S. Speer wrote to Mr. Lincoln asking him to write a letter to give his definite views on the slavery question. Lincoln replied: "I have already done this many, many times, and it is in print and open to all who will read. Those who will not read or heed what I have already publicly said would not read or heed a repet.i.tion of it. "If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead.""
In a letter to Reverdy Johnson he wrote: "I am a patient man, always willing to forgive on the Christian terms of repentance, and also to give ample time for repentance." Lincoln wrote to General J. A. McClernand: "My belief is that the permanent estimate of what a general does in the field is fixed by the "cloud of witnesses" who have been with him in the field."
Lincoln was ever bringing his knowledge of the Scriptures to the minds of men. When an aged citizen, John Phillips, had done him honor, he wrote him: "The example of such devotion to civic duties in one whose days have been already extended an average lifetime beyond the psalmist"s limit cannot but be valuable and fruitful."
We find in his speeches and letters the Bible at his tongue"s end. In his reply to Douglas at Alton he said: "He has warred upon them as Satan wars upon the Bible. The Bible says somewhere we are desperately selfish." And, writing to J. F. Speed, he writes of those who are so interested in slavery, and says: "If, like Haman, they should hang upon the gallows of their own building, I should not be among the mourners for their fate."
Then again he says: "Let us judge not, that we be not judged," Then the words of the Christ: "Woe unto the world because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh!"
In his temperance speech in 1842 he sees the spirit of temperance like the conqueror in the Revelation going forth "conquering and to conquer," He sees the drunkard reclaimed, and, like the man in the gospel, "clothed and in his right mind"; then, describing the reclaimed, "out of their abundant hearts their tongues give utterance." Then he speaks of the unpardonable sin for the drunkard as unknown: "As in Christianity it is taught, "while the lamp holds out to burn the vilest sinner may return."" Then he refers to the Scriptures and says: "He ever seems to have gone forth like the Egyptian angel of death, commissioned to slay, if not the first, the fairest born of every family." Then he takes us over to the prophet: "Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live."
He was very fond of a poem called "Adam and Eve"s Wedding Song":
"When Adam was created He dwelt in Eden"s shade.
As Moses has recorded.
And soon a bride was made."
Some thought that Lincoln was its author, but he said: "I am not the author. I would give all I am worth, and go in debt, to be able to write so fine a piece." In speaking of the tariff he said: "In the early days of our race the Almighty said to the first of our race, "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.""
In 1848, when President Polk sent a message to Congress stating that Mexico "had shed American blood upon American soil," Lincoln made a long speech against war with Mexico, and recalled the death of Abel thus: "That he [President Polk] is deeply conscious of being in the wrong; that he feels the blood of this war, like the blood of Abel, is crying to heaven against him."
In Lincoln"s eulogy on Henry Clay he brings the Book of G.o.d before the people: "Pharaoh"s country was cursed with plagues and his hosts were lost in the Red Sea for striving to retain a captive people who had already served them more than four hundred years. May this disaster never befall us!"
His knowledge of the Bible is clearly seen in his debate with Judge Douglas, for when the latter described man in the garden with evil or good to choose from Lincoln"s reply was: "G.o.d did not place good and evil before man, telling him to take his choice. On the contrary, he did tell him there was one tree of the fruit of which he should not eat upon pain of certain death." Later Judge Douglas said that Lincoln had a p.r.o.neness for quoting the Scriptures, and Lincoln replied in his Springfield address, July 17, 1858: "If I should do so now it occurs that he places himself somewhat upon the ground of the parable of the lost sheep which went astray upon the mountains, and when the owner of the hundred sheep found the one that was lost and threw it upon his shoulders, and came home rejoicing, it was said that there was more rejoicing over the one sheep that was lost and had been found than over the ninety and nine in the fold. The application is made by the Saviour in this parable thus: "Verily I say unto you, there is more rejoicing in heaven over one sinner that repenteth than over ninety and nine just persons that need no repentance."
Repentance before forgiveness is a provision of the Christian system." In his fragments of a speech he claims "the revelation in the Bible, and his revelation the Bible."