The old man opened his box. Inside lay a lot of little creatures with backs like beechnuts. "See, look through the lens!"
Betty laughed. "Oh, aren"t they funny! The eyes are so big and so far apart."
"And the lines on their heads make them look as if they were gazing through heavy-bowed spectacles," said Mrs. Reece.
"There is a very wise man, and his name is Mr. Comstock, who says that Nature must have been in a joking mood when she made these little tree and leaf hoppers, they are so impish and knowing-looking. Ah, they are the naughty brownies of the insect world!"
"Betty, Betty," called Mrs. Reece, "your popcorn is burning!"
[Ill.u.s.tration: Tree and Leaf Hoppers]
"Mother, I don"t care to pop any more; let me just listen now. What makes them bad?"
"Well, they are born with a naughty desire to suck everything they can get their tiny sucking beaks upon. They hop around in great numbers on the fruit trees and pierce the leaves with their sharp beaks. Then, with a tubelike lower lip, they suck up the sap. They also make slits in the twigs in which to lay their eggs. In the following spring the eggs hatch, and there is a fresh supply of tree-hoppers ready to begin the mischief their parents left off only when they died."
"And what is the difference between the leaf-hoppers and the tree-hoppers?" asked Mr. Reece.
"Not much. They are cousins--cousins in naughtiness. The leaf-hoppers are a great nuisance. Every year they destroy from one-fourth to one-fifth of the gra.s.s that springs up. They also suck the sap of the rose, the grape-vine, and of many grains. These st.u.r.dy fellows live during the winter by hiding under the rubbish in the fields and vineyards, ready when the warm spring does come to begin their naughty work."
"What makes a little fellow like this able to do so much damage?" asked Jimmie, who had come in, his hands all stained with chemicals.
"Well, it is well covered by this h.o.r.n.y substance called chitin, and then it is very active. You see, the chitin acts both as armor-plate for the soft parts and also as a firm support to the many muscles. As many as two thousand separate, tiny muscles have been counted in a certain caterpillar. That shows how very active insects are."
"And they all have such big eyes they can see everything," said Betty.
"So they have--bigger eyes than the old wolf of the story had."
"You remember, I told you about the thousands of facets in the big eyes of the darning-needle? Not contented with these large eyes, most insects have three small eyes arranged in the form of a triangle on the front of the head."
"This bug has feelers, too," said Jimmie.
"So it has. Insects use these feelers, or antennae, for all sorts of purposes--some for touch, some for smell, some for hearing. Ants exchange greetings by touching antennae, and recognize a friend or an enemy by the odor. The antennae of a male mosquito are covered with fine hairs. When Mrs. Mosquito sings, all the tiny hairs on Mr. Mosquito"s feelers are set in motion, and he becomes aware of Mrs. Mosquito."
Mrs. Reece laughed. "That"s a new kind of romance!"
"Mother, what"s a romance?" asked Betty.
"You"ll know, dear, in time."
"Notice this imp"s mouth," said the guide. "It"s made for sucking. But there"s a great difference in the mouths of insects: some are made for biting, some for lapping, some for piercing, and some for sucking. The b.u.t.terfly, which lives on nectar in the depths of the flowers, has a long, coiled tube which scientists call a proboscis. This it unrolls and buries in the throat of the flower. Mrs. Mosquito has a file and pump, for it is she, and not her husband, who does all the singing and biting.
The male mosquito has nothing more than a mouth for sucking nectar. And I told you about the biting jaws of the locust with which it nibbles gra.s.s and leaves."
"And does the tree-hopper breathe the way the locust does--through those pores on the side?"
"Yes, child," said the old man, "and the air-pores are protected by fine hairs which surround the openings, just the way the hairs in your nostrils keep the dust from getting up your nose and into your throat."
"Things in the bugs," said Betty, "are so like us."
"The world becomes more and more like one great whole as you grow older," added Ben Gile. "Those are interesting elves I"ve been telling you about, aren"t they?"
"I didn"t know bug elves could be so interesting."
"Now run and get us some of the fresh cake Lizzie has been baking," said Mrs. Reece. "I hope it will taste as good as it smells."
IX
THE PRIZE
There were two canoes going up the little river which led out from the pond. In the first were Ben Gile with Betty, Hope, and Jack. In the second Jimmie and Peter paddled Mrs. Reece. They had trout rods, although they did not plan to fish very much, and well-filled luncheon-baskets, magnifying-gla.s.ses, cameras, boxes, and various other things.
In two weeks they were to go on a camping expedition, and to-day"s trip was taken chiefly to find a good place for the first night"s stop.
The children were all excitement about the camping, which was to be the last jollity of their happy summer, and they asked so many questions about what they were to take with them, and they asked the same questions over so many times, that at last Mrs. Reece put her hands on her ears and called to the guide, who was paddling vigorously ahead.
"Well," he called back, "a frying-pan and an axe, and perhaps a tent."
He allowed his canoe to drop nearer Mrs. Reece"s. "What naughty children you are," he continued, "to bother the life out of your poor mother! I know of some other children, too, who are very naughty. I see one flying now."
"That pretty little thing," exclaimed Betty, "with the gauzy wings?"
"Yes, that pretty little thing; its wings have many, many veins. When Lace-Wing is a baby and is called a larva, it does not look like this, for its jaws are strong and very sharp. After it has eaten and grown for some time it makes a house for itself, where it rolls up for a nap.
While it is lying very still in this little house many things are happening."
"What happens?" asked Jack.
"Well, it is changing from a baby to a grown-up, and while it is growing up into an insect it is called a pupa. Don"t mistake this for papa--it does not look like your papa at all."
Betty thought this was very funny, because her father was a great big man over six feet tall.
"After its wings are made and it looks just like its mamma, Lace-Wing crawls out of its house and flies away."
[Ill.u.s.tration: Pit of the Ant-Lion]
"Has it any cousins, like the locust?" asked Betty.
"Yes, it has cousins; the ant-lion and caddis-fly both belong to this family. But little Lace-Wing, with its beautiful green body, gauzy wings, and golden eyes, is the most graceful member of the family."
"How do they live when they are babies?" asked Hope.
"When they are babies," said Ben Gile, opening his eyes wide and speaking in a loud, deep voice, "they go about like lions seeking whom they may devour."
Betty was frightened.
"No, no, child," said Mrs. Reece, "not a real lion."
"Just an aphis-lion," explained the guide, his eyes twinkling. "They are called aphis-lions because they are very cruel to the little green plant-lice I told you about. You remember, the plant-lice live on plants, and with their sucking beaks pump the sap from the plants. The aphis-lions crawling over the plants come across the little aphid. Quick as a wink they stick their sharp claws in the soft body of the plant-louse and drink the blood with their sharp-pointed jaws. They are very fond of eggs, too, and Mamma Lace-Wing is careful of her eggs, because she knows the mischievous ways of her children."