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One effect of the fire, which was estimated at the time to have destroyed houses of the rental value of 600,000 a-year,(1331) was seen in the lack of pageantry which usually marked the day when the newly elected mayor proceeded to the Exchequer to be sworn. When Bludworth"s successor-Sir William Bolton-went to take the oath on the 29th October, the meanness of the appearance of the civic fathers was remarked by the on-lookers, who reflected "with pity upon the poor city ... compared with what it heretofore was."(1332)
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Another result was that when the day for election of members of the Common Council was approaching, the Court of Aldermen, considering how difficult it would be, if not absolutely impossible, to hold the customary wardmotes, resolved to present a Bill to Parliament for permitting the sitting members to continue in their places for the year next ensuing without any election being held.(1333)
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Fourteen years after the fire (_i.e._, towards the close of the year 1680) the City projected a scheme for insurance against fire, and in 1681 a deed of conveyance of city lands of the estimated value of 100,000 was executed by the City to certain trustees as security to persons effecting insurances against fire.(1334) That the munic.i.p.al body of the city should undertake a business of insurance and thus compete with private enterprise gave rise to no little discontent among the "gentlemen of the insurance office" carrying on business "on the backside of the Royal Exchange," who claimed to have originated the idea.(1335)
CHAPTER XXIX.
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The Great Fire had scarcely ceased smouldering before the inhabitants of the city set to work re-building their devastated houses. Information having reached the ear of the king that building operations were about to be carried out on the old foundations, he instructed Sir William Morice, secretary of state, to write to the lord mayor to put a stop to them until further orders, as his majesty had under consideration certain models and plans for re-building the city "with more decency and conveniency than formerly."(1336) Charles himself also wrote at the same time to the mayor and aldermen desiring them to afford every a.s.sistance to Wenceslas Hollar and Francis Sandford, whom he had appointed to make an exact survey of the city as it stood after the fire.(1337) The civic authorities on their part instructed Robert Hooke to devise a scheme for re-building the city, and on the 21st September he presented to the Common Council "an exquisite modell or draught" which found much favour with the court.(1338) Early in the following month (4 Oct.) the Common Council was informed that for the greater expedition in carrying out the work of re-building the city, the king had appointed Wren and two others to make a survey, with the a.s.sistance of such surveyors and workmen as the civic authorities should nominate. The city"s choice fell upon Robert Hooke, described as "Reader of the Mathematicks in Gresham Colledge," Peter Mills and Edward Jermyn or Jarman. By way of preparation for the survey, the owners of houses that had been destroyed were again ordered (9 Oct.) to clear their foundations of rubbish, and to pile up the bricks and stones within fourteen days, so that every man"s property might be "more exactly measured and a.s.serted."(1339)
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The impracticability of re-building the city except on old foundations soon become manifest, and the handsome design which Wren prepared had to be dismissed. There was difficulty enough as it was, and the four sworn viewers of the city whose duty at ordinary times was to guard against encroachments and other nuisances were unusually busy. Sometimes the old foundations proved too weak to support a new building, sometimes the new building threatened to encroach on the public thoroughfare. Such matters required the constant attention of the viewers. Disputes would also arise between the landlords and tenants of houses destroyed by the fire. In order to settle all differences that arose, a special Court of Judicature was established by Act of Parliament (31 Jan., 1667).(1340) The court sat at Clifford"s Inn, and the decrees signed by the judges, as well as the portraits of the judges themselves, are preserved at the Guildhall.(1341) The city authorities were very urgent in getting this Act pa.s.sed, and pressed the judges to give the Bill all dispatch they could, "as a matter of princ.i.p.al concernment and encouragement to the great worke of re-building the citty." This their lordships promised to do.(1342)
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It was not deemed in any way derogatory in those days to give and receive presents for services either past or prospective. We need not be surprised therefore to find that whilst this and other Bills in which the City was interested were before Parliament, the Court of Aldermen voted a sum of 100 in gold as a gift to the Speaker of the House of Commons, "as a loving remembrance from this court for his many kind offices performed to the State of this citty."(1343)
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Whilst a Bill for re-building the city was being prepared for parliament the civic authorities were busy considering how to find the money necessary for re-building the Guildhall, the city"s gates, the prisons and other public buildings. On the 6th November (1666) the Court of Aldermen resolved to sit every Wednesday afternoon at the house of the new lord mayor (Sir William Bolton) to consider this important question, and to continue such weekly sittings until the matter was settled.(1344) It was not long before the court determined to apply to parliament for an imposition of twelve pence a chaldron on coals brought into the Port of London, wherewith to meet the expense. The advice and a.s.sistance of the solicitor-general and of Sir Job Charlton were to be solicited, and 10 in "old gold" given to each of them, in addition to "such other charges and rewards" as might be necessary for the furtherance of the business.(1345) Later on the court resolved to approach the Lord Chancellor and to entreat him to recommend the City"s proposals to his majesty and to the House of Lords.(1346) By the end of November the Common Council had agreed to certain "heads thought requisite to be inserted" into the Bill for re-building the city,(1347) and on the 29th December the Bill was brought in and read the first time.
For fear lest some of the clauses might offend the king a pet.i.tion was drawn up for presentation to his majesty, in which matters were explained, and his majesty"s favourable interpretation and pardon asked for anything omitted in the Bill or done amiss.(1348) A report had got abroad that the City had caused a clause to be inserted in the Bill forbidding any one to engage in building operations who refused to abjure the Covenant. This made the Common Council very angry, and the mayor and sheriffs were desired to investigate the matter.(1349) On the 5th February (1667) the Bill pa.s.sed the Commons, and two days later received the a.s.sent of the Lords.(1350)
In the meantime the Court of Aldermen had drafted (22 Jan.) a pet.i.tion to the king for permission to introduce a Bill for an impost on coals, to a.s.sist the City in re-building the conduits, aqueducts and other public works, as it had "no common stock, nor revenue, nor any capacity to raise within itself anything considerable towards so vast an expense."(1351) But instead of a new Bill for this purpose, a clause was inserted in the Bill for re-building the city (Stat. 19 Car. II, c. 3), authorising such an impost as was desired.(1352)
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The Common Council directed (19 Feb.) the lord mayor, the recorder and the sheriffs to attend the king and the Duke of York with the most humble thanks of the court for the favour they had shown the City in pa.s.sing the Bill, and to learn his majesty"s pleasure as to the enlargement of the streets of the city in pursuance of the recent Act.(1353)
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On the 12th March certain proposals for widening streets which had received the approval of the Common Council were submitted to Charles at a council held at Berkshire House, now Cleveland House, St. James"s. On the following day they were returned to the Common Council with his majesty"s recommendations and suggestions thereon. The same day (13 March), the City nominated Peter Mills, Edward Jarman, Robert Hooke and John Oliver to be surveyors and supervisors of the houses about to be re-built; the king"s commissioners, Christopher Wren, Hugh May and "Mr." Prat being ordered by his majesty to afford them their best advice and a.s.sistance whenever it should be required.(1354)
In September the king suggested the appointment of Sir William Bolton, the lord mayor, as surveyor-general for the re-building of the city. The suggestion was referred to a committee, who reported to the Common Council (25 Oct.) their opinion that there was "noe use or occasion for a surveyor-generall," as the work could be well and sufficiently managed by the surveyors already appointed.(1355)
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Pursuant to the Building Act the Common Council proceeded (21 March) to parcel out the streets of the city, placing them under the several categories of "high and princ.i.p.al streets," "streets or lanes of note,"
and "by-lanes."(1356) The scheme met with the approval of the king and council.(1357) Towards the end of the following month (29 April) a schedule was drawn up of streets and narrow pa.s.sages which it was proposed to enlarge.(1358) For the next few months the authorities were busy seeing to the clearing and staking out of the various streets.(1359) In September the Common Council resolved that the new street which it was proposed to make from the Guildhall to Cheapside should be called King Street, whilst its continuation from Cheapside to the river should be known as Queen Street.(1360)
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A fresh distribution of markets and market places was proposed (21 Oct.).(1361) Three markets and no more were to be allotted for the sale of flesh and other victuals brought into the city by country butchers and farmers, viz., Leadenhall and the Greenyard for the east end of the city, Honey Lane for the centre, and a market near Warwick Lane, which was to take the place of Newgate Market, for the west end. Two places were to be a.s.signed for herb and fruit markets, viz., the site of the king"s wardrobe (if the king would give his consent) and the ground whereon recently had stood the church of St. Laurence Pulteney. The markets formerly held in Aldersgate Street and Gracechurch Street were to be discontinued. A place was to be found at or near Christ Church as a site for the meat market, hitherto kept in Newgate market. These suggestions were with slight alteration accepted in the following February (1668), when provision was also made for a fish market on the site of the ancient stocks and the Woolchurch and churchyard.(1362) On the 23rd Oct. (1667) the king went in state into the city to lay "the first stone of the first pillar of the new building of the Exchange."(1363)
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The impost of twelve pence a chaldron on coals brought into the port of London was soon found inadequate to meet the expense of re-building the Guildhall, the prisons and other public edifices of the city, and in 1670 it was raised by statute (22 Car. II, c. 11) to two shillings a chaldron.
Great irregularities, however, were allowed to take place in collecting and accounting for the duty thus imposed, and between 1667 and 1673 the City was obliged to borrow no less than 83,000.(1364) In March, 1667, the Court of Aldermen resolved that all fines paid by persons to be discharged from the office of alderman between that day and Midsummer next should be devoted to the restoration of the Guildhall and the Justice Hall, Old Bailey.(1365) Not only money but material also was required to enable the City to carry out its building operations. To this end a Bill was introduced into parliament to facilitate the City"s manufacture of lime, brick and tile.(1366) A sub-tenant of the City holding five acres of land in the parish of St. Giles in the Fields obtained permission from the Court of Aldermen to "digg and cast upp the said ground for the making of bricke any covenant or clause in the lease of the said ground to the contrary notwithstanding."(1367) Application was made to Charles for liberty to fetch Portland stone for the City"s use, but this was refused as the stone was required for works at Whitehall.(1368)
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In the meanwhile negotiations for a peace had been opened at Breda. The Londoners more especially desired peace(1369) in order to devote their energies to re-building their city. In antic.i.p.ation of a cessation of hostilities Charles set about discharging his navy, leaving the Thames and Medway open to attack. The Dutch took advantage of his precipitancy and at once sailed up the Medway, burnt three men-of-war, among them being the "Loyal London," and carried off a fourth.(1370) This took place in June (1667). The city never presented so dejected an appearance as on the arrival of the news of this disgrace. The cry of treason was raised and endeavours made to fasten the blame upon any one and every one. The Dutch fleet was every hour expected up the Thames,(1371) and vessels were sunk in the bed of the channel at Barking, Woolwich and Blackwall to stop its progress. But so great was the confusion that one of the king"s store ships for victualling the navy is said to have been sunk among the rest, as well as vessels that had been fitted out as fire-ships at great expense. The Common Council interposed on behalf of interested owners of merchandise on board the ship "Diana," lying in the Thames, to prevent if possible the sinking of that vessel.(1372)
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The Common Council ordered (13 June) every able-bodied man in the city forthwith to enlist, and resolved to pet.i.tion the king that the auxiliaries then to be raised might remain as a guard to the city.(1373) The same day the city"s militia was reviewed by Charles himself on Tower Hill. He addressed them in a speech a.s.suring them that he would personally share their danger. But here, too, was confusion and lack of organization.
"The city is troubled at their being put upon duty," wrote Pepys (14 June), "summoned one hour and discharged two hours after: and then again summoned two hours after that; to their great charge as well as trouble."
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Above all there was a lack of money to pay the seamen. Had the Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames immediately after its success at Chatham, instead of wasting its time at Portsmouth and Plymouth and other places on the south coast, matters would have gone hard with the capital. As it was the delay gave time for recovery from the recent scare and for measures to be taken against its approach, with the result that after getting up the river as far as Tilbury it was compelled to retire.(1374)
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On the morning of the 20th June the Dutch fleet was believed to be sailing homewards, but by midday news arrived of its appearance off Harwich, which was threatened with an immediate attack.(1375) The next day (21 June) the mayor and aldermen obeyed a summons to attend upon the king in council, when, a proposal having been made to fortify Sheerness and other places on the river, they agreed to raise the sum of 10,000 for the purpose.(1376) That the government should be driven to borrow so small a sum excited the contempt of Pepys, who thought it "a very poor thing that we should be induced to borrow by such mean sums." That the City could afford no more is not surprising when we consider what had been the state of trade during the last three years. As it was the money was paid by small instalments.
The coffers of the city merchant or goldsmith keeping "running cashes"
were well nigh empty, and the credit of some of the best men was shaken.(1377)
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There was another difficulty besides the want of money. There was a deficiency of workmen to carry out the works at Sheerness. Application was accordingly made to the wardens of the several companies of masons and bricklayers to furnish able men so that the fortifications might be completed before the cold weather came on.(1378)
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At last negotiations for a peace were concluded and the Treaty of Breda was signed (31 July). The peace was proclaimed at Temple Bar in the presence of the lord mayor on St. Bartholomew"s Day (24 Aug.).
The bells were set ringing in honour of the event, but there were no bonfires at night "partly"-writes Pepys-"from the dearness of firing, but princ.i.p.ally from the little content most people have in the peace." Yet the terms of the treaty were not wholly ruinous to the country. England, at least, gained New York, hitherto known as New Amsterdam.
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The lull in the storm afforded the munic.i.p.al authorities an opportunity of taking stock of their own Chamber. To this end a committee was appointed on the 12th February, 1668. For nine months that committee was employed examining the state of the City"s finances, and then had not finished their task. Nevertheless, on the 23rd November they made a report to the Common Council of the result of their labours so far as they had gone.(1379) The state of the Chamber, they said, was so low that it would require the utmost care and industry to restore it and save it from utter decay and ruin, "for what by misemployment of the treasure in the late troubles and other ill managements," as well as by extraordinary expenses occasioned by the Plague and Fire, the City"s debt had still increased notwithstanding its income having been largely augmented by fines of aldermen and chamber and bridge-house leases, which within the last fifteen years had exceeded 200,000. It was clear that when these extraordinary accessories to the City"s income ceased-and they had already begun to decline-the City"s debt would increase and would indeed become desperate unless some remedy were found. The committee, therefore, made certain suggestions with the view of cutting down expenses. The City Chronologer,(1380) in the first place, could be dispensed with altogether.
The salary of the City Waits, which had lately been increased, should be reduced to its former amount. Some saving might be made in allowance of stationery in the various offices, in expenses attending Courts of Conservancy, in allowance of boots to City labourers and artificers. The personal expenses of the City"s Remembrancer for diet, coach hire, boat hire, etc., should be no longer allowed; and the Chamber should not be called upon to make any disburs.e.m.e.nt for military purposes beyond the sum of 4,666 13_s._ 4_d._, for which the City was yearly liable by Act of Parliament. Lastly, neither the court of Aldermen nor the court of Common Council ought to have power to draw upon the Chamber for a sum exceeding 500, except it were in connection with the re-building of the Guildhall and other specified objects. These and other recommendations of the committee, being carefully considered by the court, were for the most part accepted with certain amendments.
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