Early in the following year (1415) the king made an offer of pardon to Oldcastle, who was still at large, if he would come in and make submission before Easter.(756) Instead of accepting so generous an offer, Oldcastle busied himself in preparing for another rising to take place as soon as the king should have set sail on his meditated expedition to France.
Lollard manifestoes again appeared on the doors of the London churches; whilst Oldcastle himself scoured the country for recruits, to serve under a banner on which the most sacred emblems of the church were depicted.(757)
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In August (1415) another Lollard, John Cleydone by name, a currier by trade, was tried in St. Paul"s Church before the new Archbishop and others, the civic authorities having taken the initiative according to the provisions of the recent Statute, and arrested him on suspicion of being a heretic. The mayor himself was a witness at the trial, and testified as to the nature of certain books found in Cleydon"s possession; they were "the worst and the most perverse that ever he did read or see." Walsingham, who styles Cleydon "an inveterate Lollard" (_quidam inveteratus Lollardus_), adds, with his usual acerbity against the entire sect, that the accused had gone so far as to make his own son a priest, and have Ma.s.s celebrated by him in his own house on the occasion when his wife should have gone to church, after rising from childbed.(758) Having been convicted of heresy by the ecclesiastical court, the prisoner was again delivered over to the secular authorities for punishment.(759) Both he and his books were burnt.(760)
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Two years later Oldcastle himself was captured in Wales and brought to London. At his trial he publicly declared his belief that Richard II was still alive; he was even fanatic enough to believe that he himself would soon rise again from the dead.(761) He was sentenced to be hanged and burnt on the gallows, a sentence which was carried out in St. Giles"s Fields.(762) Lollardry continued to exist, especially in London and the towns, for some years, but it ceased to have any historical or political significance.(763)
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Henry V was resolved to maintain not only the old religion of the days of Edward III, but also the old foreign policy, and in 1414 he commenced making preparations for renewing the claim of his great-grandfather to the crown of France. In 1415 this claim was formally made, and Henry gathered his forces together at Southampton. On the 10th March he informed the civic authorities of his intention of crossing over to France to enforce his claim and of his need of money. On the 14th a brilliant a.s.sembly, comprising the king"s two brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Edward, Duke of York, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Winchester, and others, met at the Guildhall to consider the matter.
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A question arose as to order of precedence, and it was arranged that the mayor, as the king"s representative in the City, should occupy the centre seat, having the Primate and the Bishop of Winchester on his right, and the Duke of York and the king"s brothers on his left.(764) This question having been settled, the meeting, we presume, got to business; but what took place is not recorded in the City"s archives. We know, however, that in June the king pledged his jewels to the City for a loan of 10,000 marks,(765) and that on the 1st August-just as he was preparing to set sail-he raised a further loan of 10,000 marks on the security of the customs.(766)
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On the 15th June the king, who was then on his way to the coast, took solemn leave of the civic authorities, who had accompanied him to Blackheath. He bade them go home and keep well his "chamber" during his absence abroad, giving them his blessing and saying "Cryste save London."(767) Arriving at Southampton, he there discovered a conspiracy to place the young Earl of March, the legitimate heir of Edward III, on the throne, as soon as he himself should have set sail. The traitors were seized and executed, and the City lost no time in sending the king a letter congratulating him upon his discovery of the plot.(768)
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A few days later (12th August) he sailed for France and landed near Harfleur, to which town he laid siege. It offered, however, a stubborn defence, and it was not until the 18th September that the town surrendered. On the 22nd Henry sent a long account of the siege and capture to the mayor and citizens of London, bidding them render humble thanks to Almighty G.o.d for this mercy, and expressing a hope of further success in the near future.(769)
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Early in October the king caused proclamation to be made in the City, that all and singular knights, esquires and valets who were willing to go with him to Normandy, should present themselves to his uncle Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Treasurer of England, who would pay them their wages. By the same proclamation merchants, victuallers and handicraft-men were invited to take up their residence in the recently captured town of Harfleur, where houses would be a.s.signed to them, and where they should enjoy the same privileges and franchises to which they had always been accustomed.(770)
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The battle of Agincourt was fought on the 25th October, and news of the joyous victory arrived in England on or before the 28th, on which day-the Feast of St. Simon and St. Jude-Nicholas Wotton, the recently elected mayor, was sworn into office at the Guildhall according to custom. On the following day, therefore, the mayor, aldermen and a large number of the commonalty made a solemn pilgrimage on foot to Westminster, where they first made devout thanksgiving for the victory that had been won, and then proceeded to present the new mayor before the Barons of the Exchequer.
Care is taken in the City records to explain that the procession went on this occasion on foot, simply and solely for the purpose of marking their humble thanks to the Almighty and his Saints, and more especially to Edward the Confessor, who lay interred at Westminster, for the joyful news which so unexpectedly had arrived. The journey on foot was not to be drawn into precedent when others succeeded to the mayoralty, nor supplant the riding in state which had been customary on such occasions.(771) The reception given to the king by the Londoners on his return from France, was of so brilliant and varied a character, that one chronicler declares that a description of it would require a special treatise.(772) On the 16th November he landed at Dover and proceeded towards London. On Sat.u.r.day, the 23rd, the mayor and aldermen and all the companies rode forth in their liveries to meet the king and conduct him and his train of French prisoners through the City to Westminster. On Sunday morning a deputation from the City waited upon Henry and presented him with the sum of 1,000 and two basons of gold worth half that sum.(773)
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During the next eighteen months succeeding the battle of Agincourt, Henry devoted himself to making preparations at home for renewing active military operations. He had intended at midsummer, 1416, to lead an expedition in person to the relief of Harfleur, but the command was subsequently delegated to his brother, the Duke of Bedford. Proclamation was publicly made in the city by order of the king, dated the 28th May, that all and singular knights, esquires and valets holding any fief or annuity from the king should proceed to Southampton by the 20th June, armed each according to his estate, for the purpose of joining the expedition.(774) In 1417 France was rendered weak by factions, and Henry seized the opportunity for another attack. On the 1st February he issued his writ to the sheriffs of London for a return to be made of the number of men-at-arms and archers the City knights could furnish.(775) In March the mayor, Henry Barton, was made a commissioner for victualling the navy which was to rendezvous at Southampton.(776)
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In the same month the City advanced the king the sum of 5,000 marks,(777) and in the following June a further sum was advanced by private subscription among the wealthier citizens on the security of a Spanish sword, set in gold and precious stones, of the estimated value of 2,000.
The sword was pledged with the subscribers on the understanding that they would not dispose of it before Michaelmas twelve-month.(778)
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On the 9th August the king addressed a letter to the mayor, sheriffs, aldermen and good folk of the City of London, informing them of his safe arrival in Normandy and of his success in making himself master of the castle of "Touque" without bloodshed.(779) To this the citizens sent a dutiful reply on the 28th day of the same month, a.s.suring the king of the peaceful condition of the city. On the 2nd September an order went forth from the Common Council of the City that each alderman should immediately instruct the constables of his ward to go their rounds and warn all soldiers they might come across, to vacate the City and set out on the king"s service before the end of the week on pain of imprisonment.(780) Success continued to attend Henry"s arms. On the 5th September he was able to inform the citizens, by letter,(781) of the capture of Caen, excepting only the citadel, and this was to be rendered to him by the 19th day of the same month at the latest, unless relief should have previously arrived for the besieged from the King of France, his son the Dauphin, or the Count of Armagnac, Constable of France. The Duke of Clarence wrote a few days later to the citizens, notifying the extraordinary success which had followed the king. So many towns and fortresses had been taken that the only fear was that there were not sufficient men to keep guard over them.(782)
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In order to keep the English force in Normandy better provided with victuals, the Duke of Bedford, who had been left behind as the king"s lieutenant, caused the Sheriffs of London to proclaim that all persons willing and able to ship victuals to France for Henry"s use, might do so without paying custom dues on their giving security that the victuals should be sent to Caen and not elsewhere.(783) Bedford, who was learning how to rule a free people-a lesson which, had he been allowed to practice in after years, might have saved the house of Lancaster from utter destruction(784)-presided in the parliament, which met in November, 1417.
On the 17th December this parliament granted the king two fifteenths and two tenths. No time was lost in taking measures for collecting these supplies, the king"s writ appointing commissioners for the City of London being issued the day following.(785)
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In Paris matters were going on from bad to worse. Whilst the capital of France was at the mercy of a mob, Henry proceeded to lay close siege to Rouen. Frequent proclamation was made in London for reinforcements to join the king, either at Rouen or elsewhere in Normandy.(786) This was in April, 1418, or thereabouts. On the 5th July, the Duke of Clarence informed Richard Merlawe, the mayor, by letter, of the fall of Louviers, and of the expected surrender of Pont de l"Arche,(787) from which latter place the duke wrote. On the 10th August Henry himself wrote to the citizens informing them of his having sat down before Rouen and of the straits his forces were in for lack of victuals and more especially of "drink." He begged them to send as many small vessels as they could, laden with provisions, to Harfleur, whence they could make their way up the Seine to Rouen.(788) In less than a month a reply was sent (8 Sept.) from Gravesend under the seal of the mayoralty, informing Henry that the citizens had been busy brewing ale and beer and purveying wine and other "vitaille," and that they had despatched thirty b.u.t.ts of sweet wine-comprising ten of "Tyre," ten of "Romesey," and ten of "Malvesy"-and 1,000 pipes of ale and beer. With these they had also sent 25,000 cups for the king"s "host" to drink out of.(789) In the meantime, the besieged received no such relief from the pains of hunger and thirst, and on the 19th January, 1419, they were compelled to surrender their ancient town.(790) The war continued throughout the year (1419), all attempts at a reconciliation proving abortive. Pointoise fell into Henry"s hands; and both Henry and the Duke of Clarence sent word of its capture to London.
The duke took the opportunity of asking that the freedom of the City might be conferred on his servant, Roger Tillyngton, a skinner; but the citizens in acknowledging the duke"s letter make no reference to his request.(791)
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On the 17th August the king wrote again to the mayor, aldermen and commons of the City, thanking them for their "kynde and notable p.r.o.ne of an ayde,"
which they had granted of their own free will, therein setting a good example to others, and prayed them to follow such directions as the Duke of Bedford should give them respecting their proffered a.s.sistance. The bearer of this letter having been taken prisoner at Crotoye, a duplicate copy of it was afterwards forwarded from Trie le Chastel on the 12th September.(792)
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The murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, by a partisan of the Dauphin, which took place about this time, induced Duke Philip to come to terms with England in the hope of avenging his father"s death;(793) and the French king, finding further resistance hopeless, was content to make peace. By the treaty of Troyes (20 May, 1420), the Dauphin was disinherited in favour of Henry, who was formally recognised as the heir to the French crown, and who agreed to marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI.(794) The marriage took place on the 3rd June, and on the 14th a solemn procession was made in London and a sermon preached at Paul"s Cross in honour of the event.(795)
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On the 12th July Henry addressed a letter from Mant to the corporation of London informing them of his welfare. He had left Paris for Mant in order to relieve the town of Chartres, which was being threatened by the Dauphin. The Duke of Burgundy had joined him and had proved himself "a trusty, lovvng and faithful brother." The king"s expedition proved unnecessary, for the Dauphin had raised the siege before his arrival and had gone into Touraine. To this letter a reply was sent under the mayoralty seal on the 2nd August, congratulating Henry upon his success, and a.s.suring him that there was no city on earth more peaceful or better governed than his City of London.(796)
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On the 26th January, 1421, the Duke of Gloucester, the Guardian of England in the king"s absence, ordered the Sheriffs of London to announce that the queen"s coronation would take place at Westminster on the third Sunday in Lent.(797) The king and queen landed at Dover with a small retinue on the 1st February, and after a few days" rest at Canterbury, entered the city of London amid tokens of welcome and respect from the laity and clergy.
They took up their abode at the Tower, whence they were conducted on the day appointed for the coronation to Westminster by the citizens on foot and on horseback.(798)
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Henry had not been at home six months before he again left England, never to return.(799) The hopes that he entertained of reforming and governing his possessions in France, and his ambition to have headed, sooner or later, a crusade which should have stayed the progress of the Ottoman and have recovered the sepulchre of Christ, were not destined to be realised.
He died at the Bois de Vincennes, near Paris, on the last day of August, 1422, leaving a child nine months old-the unhappy Henry of Windsor who succeeded to the throne as Henry VI. When the body of the late king was brought over from France to be buried at Westminster, the citizens showed it every token of respect in its pa.s.sage through London. The streets of the city, as well as of the borough of Southwark, were cleaned for the occasion. The mayor, sheriffs, recorder and aldermen, accompanied by the chief burgesses, and clad in white gowns and hoods, went forth to meet the remains of the king they loved so well, as far as St. George"s bar in Southwark, and reverently conducted them to St. Paul"s Church, where the funeral obsequies were performed. The next day they accompanied the corpse to Westminster, where further ceremonies took place. Representatives of the various wards were told off to line the streets, the solemnity of the occasion being marked by the burning of torches, whilst chaplains stood in the porches of the various churches, clad in their richest copes, with thuribles in their hands, and chanted the _venite_ and incensed the royal remains as they pa.s.sed. The livery companies provided amongst them 211 torches, and to each torch-bearer the city chamberlain gave a gown and hood of white material or "blanket" (_de blanqueto_), at the "cost of the commonalty." (800)
CHAPTER XI.
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At the death of Henry V the administration of affairs fell into the hands of his two brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, and Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester. On the 29th September a writ was issued from Windsor, in the name of the infant on whom the crown of England had devolved, summoning four citizens of London to attend a parliament to be held at Westminster at Martinmas,(801) and two days afterwards another was addressed to the sheriffs of London, enjoining them to make proclamation for the keeping the king"s peace, and authorising them to arrest and imprison rioters until the king and his council should determine upon their punishment.(802) The precise wishes of the late king as to the respective parts which Bedford and Gloucester were to undertake in the government of the realm are not clearly known, but it is generally thought that he intended the former to govern France, whilst the latter was to act as his vicegerent in England. An attempt to carry out the arrangement was doomed to failure.
As soon as parliament met (9 Nov.) it took into consideration the respective claims of the two dukes. Bedford had already (26 Oct.) despatched a letter from Rouen, addressed to the civic authorities, setting forth his right to the government of the realm, as elder brother of the deceased sovereign and as the party most interested in the succession to the crown. Without mentioning Gloucester by name, he warned the citizens against executing orders derogatory to himself. He professed to do this, not from any ambitious designs of his own, but from a wish to preserve intact the laws, usage and customs of the realm.(803) After some hesitation, parliament resolved to appoint Bedford protector as soon as he should return from France, but that during his absence Gloucester should act for him.(804)
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