I will write no more upon these painful subjects except to say this, that the hoisting of a white flag in token of surrender is an act which can be justified only by clear proof that there was no prospect of gaining the slightest military advantage by going on fighting; and that the raising of a white flag in any case by an unauthorised person--i.e.
not the officer in chief command--in such a manner as to compromise the resistance of a force, deserves sentence of death, though in view of the high standard of discipline and honour prevailing in her Majesty"s army, it might not be necessary to carry the sentence into effect. I earnestly trust that in justice to gallant officers and soldiers, who have languished these weary months in Pretoria, there will be a strict inquiry into the circ.u.mstances under which they became prisoners of war.
I have no doubt we shall be told that it is a foolish thing to wash dirty linen in public; but much better wash it in public than wear it foul.
One day shortly after I had arrived I had an interesting visit, for de Souza, wishing to have an argument brought Mr. Grobelaar to see me. This gentleman was the Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and had just returned from Mafeking, whither he had been conducting a 6-inch gun. He was a very well-educated person, and so far as I could tell, honest and capable besides. With him came Reuter"s Agent, Mr. Mackay, and the odious Malan. I received them sitting on my bed in the dormitory, and when they had lighted cigars, of which I always kept a stock, we had a regular _durbar_. I began:
"Well, Mr. Grobelaar, you see how your Government treats representatives of the Press."
_Grobelaar_. "I hope you have nothing to complain of
_Self_. "Look at the sentries with loaded rifles on every side. I might be a wild beast instead of a special correspondent."
_Grobelaar_. "Ah, but putting aside the sentries with loaded rifles, you do not, I trust, Mr. Churchill, make any complaint."
_Self_. "My chief objection to this place is that I am in it."
_Grobelaar_. "That of course is your misfortune, and Mr. Chamberlain"s fault.
_Self_. "Not at all. We are a peace-loving people, but we had no choice but to fight or be--what was it your burghers told me in the camps?--"driven into the sea." The responsibility of the war is upon you and your President."
_Grobelaar_. "Don"t you believe that. We did not want to fight. We only wanted to be left alone."
_Self_. "You never wanted war?"
_de Souza_. "Ah, my G.o.d, no! Do you think we would fight Great Britain for amus.e.m.e.nt?"
_Self_. "Then why did you make every preparation--turn the Republics into armed camps--prepare deep-laid plans for the invasion of our Colonies?"
_Grobelaar_. "Why, what could we do after the Jameson Raid? We had to be ready to protect ourselves."
_Self_. "Surely less extensive armaments would have been sufficient to guard against another similar inroad."
_Grobelaar_. "But we knew your Government was behind the Raiders.
Jameson was in front, but Rhodes and your Colonial Office were at his elbow."
_Self_. "As a matter of fact no two people were more disconcerted by the Raid than Chamberlain and Rhodes. Besides, the British Government disavowed the Raiders" action and punished the Raiders, who, I am quite prepared to admit, got no more than they deserved."
_de Souza_. "I don"t complain about the British Government"s action at the time of the Raid. Chamberlain behaved very honourably then. But it was afterwards, when Rhodes was not punished, that we knew it was all a farce, and that the British Government was bent on our destruction. When the burghers knew that Rhodes was not punished they lost all trust in England."
_Malan_. "Ya, ya. That Rhodes, he is the ... at the bottom of it all.
You wait and see what we will do to Rhodes when we take Kimberley."
_Self_. "Then you maintain, de Souza, that the distrust caused in this country by the fact that Rhodes was not punished--though how you can punish a man who breaks no law I cannot tell--was the sole cause of your Government making these gigantic military preparations, because it is certain that these preparations were the actual cause of war."
_Grobelaar_. "Why should they be a cause of war? We would never have attacked you."
_Self_. "But at this moment you are invading Cape Colony and Natal, while no British soldier has set foot on Republican soil. Moreover, it was you who declared war upon us."
_Grobelaar_. "Naturally we were not such fools as to wait till your army was here. As soon as you began to send your army, we were bound to declare war. If you had sent it earlier we should have fought earlier.
Really, Mr. Churchill, you must see that is only common sense."
_Self_. "I am not criticising your policy or tactics. You hated us bitterly--I dare say you had cause to. You made tremendous preparations--I don"t say you were wrong--but look at it from our point of view. We saw a declared enemy armed and arming. Against us, and against us alone, could his preparations be directed. It was time we took some precautions: indeed, we were already too late. Surely what has happened at the front proves that we had no designs against you. You were ready. We were unready. It is the wolf and lamb if you like; but the wolf was asleep and never before was a lamb with such teeth and claws."
_Grobelaar_. "Do you really mean to say that we forced this war on you, that you did not want to fight us?"
_Self_. "The country did not wish for war with the Boers. Personally, I have always done so. I saw that you had six rifles to every burgher in the Republic. I knew what that meant. It meant that you were going to raise a great Afrikander revolt against us. One does not set extra places at table unless one expects company to dinner. On the other hand, we have affairs all over the world, and at any moment may become embroiled with a European power. At this time things are very quiet. The board is clear in other directions. We can give you our undivided attention. Armed and ambitious as you were, the war had to come sooner or later. I have always said "sooner." Therefore, I rejoiced when you sent your ultimatum and roused the whole nation."
_Malan_. "You don"t rejoice quite so much now."
_Self_. "My opinion is unaltered, except that the necessity for settling the matter has become more apparent. As for the result, that, as I think Mr. Grobelaar knows, is only a question of time and money expressed in terms of blood and tears."
_Grobelaar_. "No: our opinion is quite unchanged. We prepared for the war. We have always thought we could beat you. We do not doubt our calculations now. We have done better even than we expected. The President is extremely pleased."
_Self_. "There is no good arguing on that point. We shall have to fight it out. But if you had tried to keep on friendly terms with us, the war would not have come for a long time; and the delay was all on your side."
_Grobelaar_. "We have tried till we are sick of it. This Government was badgered out of its life with Chamberlain"s despatches--such despatches.
And then look how we have been lied about in your papers, and called barbarians and savages."
_Self_. "I think you have certainly been abused unjustly. Indeed, when I was taken prisoner the other day, I thought it quite possible I should be put to death, although I was a correspondent" (great laughter, "Fancy that!" etc.). "At the best I expected to be held in prison as a kind of hostage. See how I have been mistaken."
I pointed at the sentry who stood in the doorway, for even members of the Government could not visit us alone. Grobelaar flushed. "Oh, well, we will hope that the captivity will not impair your spirits. Besides, it will not last long. The President expects peace before the New Year."
"I shall hope to be free by then."
And with this the interview came to an end, and my visitors withdrew.
The actual conversation had lasted more than an hour, but the dialogue above is not an inaccurate summary.
About ten days after my arrival at Pretoria I received a visit from the American Consul, Mr. Macrum. It seems that some uncertainty prevailed at home as to whether I was alive, wounded or unwounded, and in what light I was regarded by the Transvaal authorities. Mr. Bourke c.o.c.kran, an American Senator who had long been a friend of mine, telegraphed from New York to the United States representative in Pretoria, hoping by this neutral channel to learn how the case stood. I had not, however, talked with Mr. Macrum for very long before I realised that neither I nor any other British prisoner was likely to be the better for any efforts which he might make on our behalf. His sympathies were plainly so much with the Transvaal Government that he even found it difficult to discharge his diplomatic duties. However, he so far sank his political opinions as to telegraph to Mr. Bourke c.o.c.kran, and the anxiety which my relations were suffering on my account was thereby terminated.
I had one other visitor in these dull days, whom I should like to notice. During the afternoon which I spent among the Boers in their camp behind Bulwana Hill I had exchanged a few words with an Englishman whose name is of no consequence, but who was the gunner entrusted with the aiming of the big 6-inch gun. He was a light-hearted jocular fellow outwardly, but I was not long in discovering that his anxieties among the Boers were grave and numerous. He had been drawn into the war, so far as I could make out, more by the desire of sticking to his own friends and neighbours than even of preserving his property. But besides this local spirit, which counterbalanced the racial and patriotic feelings, there was a very strong desire to be upon the winning side, and I think that he regarded the Boers with an aversion which increased in proportion as their successes fell short of their early antic.i.p.ations. One afternoon he called at the States Model Schools prison and, being duly authorised to visit the prisoners, asked to see me. In the presence of Dr. Gunning, I had an interesting interview. At first our conversation was confined to generalities, but gradually, as the other officers in the room, with ready tact, drew the little Hollander Professor into an argument, my renegade and I were able to exchange confidences.
I was of course above all things anxious to get true news from the outer world, and whenever Dr. Gunning"s attention was distracted by his discussion with the officers, I managed to get a little.
"Well, you know," said the gunner, "you English don"t play fair at Ladysmith at all. We have allowed you to have a camp at Intombi Spruit for your wounded, and yet we see red cross flags flying in the town, and we have heard that in the Church there is a magazine of ammunition protected by the red cross flag. Major Erasmus, he says to me "John, you smash up that building," and so when I go back I am going to fire into the church." Gunning broke out into panegyrics on the virtues of the Afrikanders: my companion dropped his voice. "The Boers have had a terrible beating at Belmont; the Free Staters have lost more than 200 killed; much discouraged; if your people keep on like this the Free State will break up." He raised his voice, "Ladysmith hold out a month?
Not possible; we shall give it a fortnight"s more bombardment, and then you will just see how the burghers will scramble into their trenches.
Plenty of whisky then, ha, ha, ha!" Then lower, "I wish to G.o.d I could get away from this, but I don"t know what to do; they are always suspecting me and watching me, and I have to keep on pretending I want them to win. This is a terrible position for a man to be in: curse the filthy Dutchmen!"
I said, "Will Methuen get to Kimberley?"
"I don"t know, but he gave them h.e.l.l at Belmont and at Graspan, and they say they are fighting again to-day at Modder River. Major Erasmus is very down-hearted about it. But the ordinary burghers hear nothing but lies; all lies, I tell you. _(Crescendo)_ Look at the lies that have been told about us! Barbarians! savages! every name your papers have called us, but you know better than that now; you know how well we have treated you since you have been a prisoner; and look at the way your people have treated our prisoners--put them on board ship to make them sea-sick! Don"t you call that cruel?" Here Gunning broke in that it was time for visitors to leave the prison. And so my strange guest, a feather blown along by the wind, without character or stability, a renegade, a traitor to his blood and birthplace, a time-server, had to hurry away. I took his measure; nor did his protestations of alarm excite my sympathy, and yet somehow I did not feel unkindly towards him; a weak man is a pitiful object in times of trouble. Some of our countrymen who were living in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State at the outbreak of the war have been placed in such difficult positions and torn by so many conflicting emotions that they must be judged very tolerantly. How few men are strong enough to stand against the prevailing currents of opinion! Nor, after the desertion of the British residents in the Transvaal in 1881, have we the right to judge their successors harshly if they have failed us, for it was Great and Mighty Britain who was the renegade and traitor then.
No sooner had I reached Pretoria than I demanded my release from the Government, on the grounds that I was a Press correspondent and a non-combatant. So many people have found it difficult to reconcile this position with the accounts which have been published of what transpired during the defence of the armoured train, that I am compelled to explain. Besides the soldiers of the Dublin Fusiliers and Durban Light Infantry who had been captured, there were also eight or ten civilians, including a fireman, a telegraphist, and several men of the breakdown gang. Now it seems to me that according to international practice and the customs of war, the Transvaal Government were perfectly justified in regarding all persons connected with a military train as actual combatants; indeed, the fact that they were not soldiers was, if anything, an aggravation of their case. But the Boers were at that time overstocked with prisoners whom they had to feed and guard, and they therefore announced that the civilians would be released as soon as their ident.i.ty was established, and only the military retained as prisoners.
In my case, however, an exception was to be made, and General Joubert, who had read the gushing accounts of my conduct which appeared in the Natal newspapers, directed that since I had taken part in the fighting I was to be treated as a combatant officer.
Now, as it happened, I had confined myself strictly to the business of clearing the line, which was entrusted to me, and although I do not pretend that I considered the matter in its legal aspect at the time, the fact remains that I did not give a shot, nor was I armed when captured. I therefore claimed to be included in the same category as the civilian railway officials and men of the breakdown gang, whose declared duty it was to clear the line, pointing out that though my action might differ in degree from theirs, it was of precisely the same character, and that if they were regarded as non-combatants I had a right to be considered a non-combatant too.
To this effect I wrote two letters, one to the Secretary of War and one to General Joubert; but, needless to say, I did not indulge in much hope of the result, for I was firmly convinced that the Boer authorities regarded me as a kind of hostage, who would make a pleasing addition to the collection of prisoners they were forming against a change of fortune. I therefore continued to search for a path of escape; and indeed it was just as well that I did so, for I never received any answer to either of my applications while I was a prisoner, although I have since heard that one arrived by a curious coincidence the very day _after_ I had departed.