"A thousand pardons!" said Bateman:--"not binding?--Pa.s.s it to him, Willis, if you please. Yes, it comes from a farmer, next door. I"m glad you like it.--I repeat, they _are_ binding, Campbell."
"An odd sort of binding, when they have never bound," answered Campbell; "they have existed two or three hundred years; when were they ever put in force?"
"But there they are," said Bateman, "in the Prayer Book."
"Yes, and there let them lie and never get out of it," retorted Campbell; "there they will stay till the end of the story."
"Oh, for shame!" cried Bateman; "you should aid your mother in a difficulty, and not be like the priest and the Levite."
"My mother does not wish to be aided," continued Campbell.
"Oh, how you talk! What shall I do? What can be done?" cried poor Bateman.
"Done! nothing," said Campbell; "is there no such thing as the desuetude of a law? Does not a law cease to be binding when it is not enforced? I appeal to Mr. Willis."
Willis, thus addressed, answered that he was no moral theologian, but he had attended some schools, and he believed it was the Catholic rule that when a law had been promulgated, and was not observed by the majority, if the legislator knew the state of the case, and yet kept silence, he was considered _ipso facto_ to revoke it.
"What!" said Bateman to Campbell, "do you appeal to the Romish Church?"
"No," answered Campbell; "I appeal to the whole Catholic Church, of which the Church of Rome happens in this particular case to be the exponent. It is plain common sense, that, if a law is not enforced, at length it ceases to be binding. Else it would be quite a tyranny; we should not know where we were. The Church of Rome does but give expression to this common-sense view."
"Well, then," said Bateman, "I will appeal to the Church of Rome too.
Rome is part of the Catholic Church as well as we: since, then, the Romish Church has ever kept up fastings the ordinance is not abolished; the "greater part" of the Catholic Church has always observed it."
"But it has not," said Campbell; "it now dispenses with fasts, as you have heard."
Willis interposed to ask a question. "Do you mean then," he said to Bateman, "that the Church of England and the Church of Rome make one Church?"
"Most certainly," answered Bateman.
"Is it possible?" said Willis; "in what sense of the word _one_?"
"In every sense," answered Bateman, "but that of intercommunion."
"That is, I suppose," said Willis, "they are one, except that they have no intercourse with each other."
Bateman a.s.sented. Willis continued: "No intercourse; that is, no social dealings, no consulting or arranging, no ordering and obeying, no mutual support; in short, no visible union."
Bateman still a.s.sented. "Well, that is my difficulty," said Willis; "I can"t understand how two parts can make up one visible body if they are not visibly united; unity implies _union_."
"I don"t see that at all," said Bateman; "I don"t see that at all. No, Willis, you must not expect I shall give that up to you; it is one of our points. There is only one visible Church, and therefore the English and Romish Churches are both parts of it."
Campbell saw clearly that Bateman had got into a difficulty, and he came to the rescue in his own way.
"We must distinguish," he said, "the state of the case more exactly. A kingdom may be divided, it may be distracted by parties, by dissensions, yet be still a kingdom. That, I conceive, is the real condition of the Church; in this way the Churches of England, Rome, and Greece are one."
"I suppose you will grant," said Willis, "that in proportion as a rebellion is strong, so is the unity of the kingdom threatened; and if a rebellion is successful, or if the parties in a civil war manage to divide the power and territory between them, then forthwith, instead of one kingdom, we have two. Ten or fifteen years since, Belgium was part of the kingdom of the Netherlands: I suppose you would not call it part of that kingdom now? This seems the case of the Churches of Rome and England."
"Still, a kingdom may be in a state of decay," replied Campbell; "consider the case of the Turkish Empire at this moment. The Union between its separate portions is so languid, that each separate Pasha may almost be termed a separate sovereign; still it is one kingdom."
"The Church, then, at present," said Willis, "is a kingdom tending to dissolution?"
"Certainly it is," answered Campbell.
"And will ultimately fail?" asked Willis.
"Certainly," said Campbell; "when the end comes, according to our Lord"s saying, "When the Son of man cometh, shall He find faith on the earth?"
just as in the case of the chosen people, the sceptre failed from Judah when the Shiloh came."
"Surely the Church has failed already _before_ the end," said Willis, "according to the view you take of failing. How _can_ any separation be more complete than exists at present between Rome, Greece, and England?"
"They might excommunicate each other," said Campbell.
"Then you are willing," said Willis, "to a.s.sign beforehand something definite, the occurrence of which will const.i.tute a real separation."
"Don"t do so," said Reding to Campbell; "it is dangerous; don"t commit yourself in a moral question; for then, if the thing specified did occur, it would be difficult to see our way."
"No," said Willis; "you certainly _would_ be in a difficulty; but you would find your way out, I know. In that case you would choose some other _ultimatum_ as your test of schism. There would be," he added, speaking with some emotion, ""in the lowest depth a lower still.""
The concluding words were out of keeping with the tone of the conversation hitherto, and fairly excited Bateman, who, for some time, had been an impatient listener.
"That"s a dangerous line, Campbell," he said, "it is indeed; I can"t go along with you. It will never do to say that the Church is failing; no, it never fails. It is always strong, and pure, and perfect, as the Prophets describe it. Look at its cathedrals, abbey-churches, and other sanctuaries, these fitly typify it."
"My dear Bateman," answered Campbell, "I am as willing as you to maintain the fulfilment of the prophecies made to the Church, but we must allow the _fact_ that the branches of the Church are _divided_, while we maintain the _doctrine_, that the Church should be one."
"I don"t see that at all," answered Bateman; "no, we need not allow it.
There"s no such thing as Churches, there"s but one Church everywhere, and it is _not_ divided. It is merely the outward forms, appearances, manifestations of the Church that are divided. The Church is one as much as ever it was."
"That will never do," said Campbell; and he stood up before the fire in a state of discomfort. "Nature never intended you for a controversialist, my good Bateman," he added to himself.
"It is as I thought," said Willis; "Bateman, you are describing an invisible Church. You hold the indefectibility of the invisible Church, not of the visible."
"They are in a fix," thought Charles, "but I will do my best to tow old Bateman out;" so he began: "No," he said, "Bateman only means that one Church presents, in some particular point, a different appearance from another; but it does not follow that, in fact, they have not a visible agreement too. All difference implies agreement; the English and Roman Churches agree visibly and differ visibly. Think of the different styles of architecture, and you will see, Willis, what he means. A church is a church all the world over, it is visibly one and the same, and yet how different is church from church! Our churches are Gothic, the southern churches are Palladian. How different is a basilica from York Cathedral!
yet they visibly agree together. No one would mistake either for a mosque or a Jewish temple. We may quarrel which is the better style; one likes the basilica, another calls it pagan."
"That _I_ do," said Bateman.
"A little extreme," said Campbell, "a little extreme, as usual. The basilica is beautiful in its place. There are two things which Gothic cannot show--the line or forest of round polished columns, and the graceful dome, circling above one"s head like the blue heaven itself."
All parties were glad of this diversion from the religious dispute; so they continued the lighter conversation which had succeeded it with considerable earnestness.
"I fear I must confess," said Willis, "that the churches at Rome do not affect me like the Gothic; I reverence them, I feel awe in them, but I love, I feel a sensible pleasure at the sight of the Gothic arch."
"There are other reasons for that in Rome," said Campbell; "the churches are so unfinished, so untidy. Rome is a city of ruins! the Christian temples are built on ruins, and they themselves are generally dilapidated or decayed; thus they are ruins of ruins." Campbell was on an easier subject than that of Anglo-Catholicism, and, no one interrupting him, he proceeded flowingly: "In Rome you have huge high b.u.t.tresses in the place of columns, and these not cased with marble, but of cold white plaster or paint. They impart an indescribable forlorn look to the churches."
Willis said he often wondered what took so many foreigners, that is, Protestants, to Rome; it was so dreary, so melancholy a place; a number of old, crumbling, shapeless brick ma.s.ses, the ground unlevelled, the straight causeways fenced by high monotonous walls, the points of attraction straggling over broad solitudes, faded palaces, trees universally pollarded, streets ankle deep in filth or eyes-and-mouth deep in a cloud of whirling dust and straws, the climate most capricious, the evening air most perilous. Naples was an earthly paradise; but Rome was a city of faith. To seek the shrines that it contained was a veritable penance, as was fitting. He understood Catholics going there; he was perplexed at Protestants.
"There is a spell about the _limina Apostolorum_," said Charles; "St.