As a result of Ercole"s insistence, the question of the reduction of Ferrara"s yearly tribute as a fief of the Holy See from four hundred ducats to one hundred florins was brought to a vote in the consistory, September 17th. It was expected that there would be violent opposition.
Alexander explained what Ercole had done for Ferrara, his founding convents and churches, and his strengthening the city, thus making it a bulwark for the States of the Church. The cardinals were induced to favor the reduction by the intervention of the Cardinal of Cosenza--one of Lucretia"s creatures--and of Messer Troche, Caesar"s confidant. They authorized the reduction and the Pope thanked them, especially praising the older cardinals--the younger, those of his own creation, having been more obstinate.[112]
The same day he secured possession of the property he had wrested from the barons who had been placed under his ban August 20th. These domains, which embraced a large part of the Roman Campagna, were divided into two districts. The center of one was Nepi; that of the other Sermoneta--two cities which Lucretia, their former mistress, immediately renounced.
Alexander made these duchies over to two children, Giovanni Borgia and Rodrigo. At first the Pope ascribed the paternity of the former child to his own son Caesar, but subsequently he publicly announced that he himself was its father.
It is difficult to believe in such unexampled shamelessness, but the legal doc.u.ments to prove it are in existence. Both bulls are dated September 1, 1501, and are addressed to my beloved son, "the n.o.ble Giovanni de Borgia and Infante of Rome." In the former, Alexander states that Giovanni, a child of three years, was the natural son of Caesar Borgia, unmarried (which he was at the time of its birth), by a single woman. By apostolic authority he legitimated the child and bestowed upon it all the rights of a member of his family. In the second brief he refers to the proceedings in which the child had been declared to be Caesar"s son, and says verbatim: "Since it is owing, not to the duke named (Caesar), but to us and to the unmarried woman mentioned that you bear this stain (of illegitimate birth), which for good reasons we did not wish to state in the preceding instrument; and in order that there may be no chance of your being caused annoyance in the future, we will see to it that that doc.u.ment shall never be declared null, and of our own free will, and by virtue of our authority, we confirm you, by these presents, in the full enjoyment of everything as provided in that instrument." Thereupon he renews the legitimation and announces that even if this his child, which had hitherto been declared to be Caesar"s, shall in future, in any doc.u.ment or act be named and described as his (Caesar"s), and even if he uses Caesar"s arms, it shall in no way inure to the disadvantage of the child, and that all such acts shall have the same force which they would have had if the boy had been described not as Caesar"s, but as his own, in the doc.u.ments referring to his legitimation.[113]
It is worthy of note that both these doc.u.ments were executed on one and the same day, but this is explained by the fact that the canon law prevented the Pope from acknowledging his own son. Alexander, therefore, extricated himself from the difficulty by telling a falsehood in the first bull. This lie made the legitimation of the child possible, and also conferred upon it the rights of succession; and this having once been embodied in a legal doc.u.ment, the Pope could, without injury to the child, tell the truth.
September 1, 1501, Caesar was not in Rome. Even a man of his stamp may have blushed for his father, when he thus made him the rival of this b.a.s.t.a.r.d for the possession of the property. Later, after Alexander"s death, the little Giovanni Borgia pa.s.sed for Caesar"s son; he had, moreover, been described as such by the Pope in numerous briefs.[114]
It is not known who was the mother of this mysterious child. Burchard speaks of her merely as a "certain Roman." If Alexander, who described her as an "unmarried woman," told the truth, Giulia Farnese could not have been its mother.
It is possible, however, that the Pope"s second statement likewise was untrue, and that the "Infante of Rome" was not his son, but was a natural child of Lucretia. The reader will remember that in March, 1498, the Ferrarese amba.s.sador reported to Duke Ercole that it was rumored in Rome that the Pope"s daughter had given birth to a child. This date agrees perfectly with the age of the Infante Giovanni in September, 1501. Both doc.u.ments regarding his legitimation, which are now preserved in the Este archives, were originally in Lucretia"s chancellery. She may have taken them with her from Rome to Ferrara, or they may have been brought to her later. Eventually we shall find the Infante at her court in Ferrara, where he was spoken of as her "brother." These facts suggest that the mysterious Giovanni Borgia was Lucretia"s son--this, however, is only a hypothesis. The city of Nepi and thirty-six other estates were conferred upon the child as his dukedom.
The second domain, including the duchy of Sermoneta and twenty-eight castles, was given to little Rodrigo, Lucretia"s only son by Alfonso of Aragon.
Under Lucretia"s changed conditions, this child was an embarra.s.sment to her, for she either was not allowed or did not dare to bring a child by her former husband to Ferrara. For the sake of her character let us a.s.sume that she was compelled to leave her child among strangers. The order to do so, however, does not appear to have emanated from Ferrara, for, September 28th, the amba.s.sador Gerardi gave his master an account of a call which he made on Madonna Lucretia, in which he said, "As her son was present, I asked her--in such a way that she could not mistake my meaning--what was to be done with him; to which she replied, "He will remain in Rome, and will have an allowance of fifteen thousand ducats.""[115] The little Rodrigo was, in truth, provided for in a princely manner. He was placed under the guardianship of two cardinals--the Patriarch of Alexandria and Frances...o...b..rgia, Archbishop of Cosenza. He received the revenues of Sermoneta, and he also owned Biselli, his unfortunate father"s inheritance; for Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile authorized their amba.s.sador in Rome, Francesco de Roxas, January 7, 1502, to confirm Rodrigo in the possession of the duchy of Biselli and the city of Quadrata. According to this act his t.i.tle was Don Rodrigo Borgia of Aragon, Duke of Biselli and Sermoneta, and lord of Quadrata.[116]
FOOTNOTES:
[99] Cavallieri to Ercole, Lyons, August 8, 1501. The Pope has written his nuncio that he agreed to the duke"s demands, for the purpose of concluding the marriage, which would be extraordinarily advantageous to himself and the Duke of Romagna.
[100] Despatches of the Ferrarese amba.s.sador, Bartolomeo Cartari, from Venice, June 25, July 28, and August 2, 1501. Archives of Modena.
[101] Ercole"s letter to Pozzi in Ferrara, August 25, 1501. Maximilian"s letters are not in the Este archives but in Vienna.
[102] The instrument was drawn by Beneimbene.
[103] Cardinal Ferrari to Ercole, Rome, August 27, 1501.
[104] Ducal Records, September 1, 1501.
[105] The letter is reproduced in Zucchetti"s Lucrezia Borgia, d.u.c.h.essa di Ferrara, Milan, 1869.
[106] Ed altre cose che egli disse per maggiormente magnificare il fatto. Matteo Ca.n.a.le to the Duke of Ferrara, Rome, September 11, 1501.
[107] Quale mi pare gia essere optima Ferrarese. Despatch from Rome, September 15th.
[108] Che voleva havessimo veduto che la d.u.c.h.essa non era zoppa.
Saraceni to Ercole, Rome, September 16th.
[109] Rome, September 23d, Saraceni.
[110] Despatch, September 25th.
[111] To this Ercole replied in rea.s.suring terms. Letter to his orators in Rome, September 18, 1501.
[112] Despatch of Matteo Ca.n.a.le to Ercole, Rome, September 18, 1501.
[113] Both bulls are in the archives of Modena. The first is a copy, the second an original. The lead seal is wanting, but the red and yellow silk by which it was attached is still preserved. I first discovered the facts in a ma.n.u.script in the Barberiniana in Rome.
[114] Mandate of the Pope regarding certain taxes, dated July 21, 1502: n.o.bili Infanti Johanni Borgia, nostro secundum carnem nepoti; and in another brief, dated June 12, 1502, Dil filii n.o.bilis infantis Johannis Borgia ducis Nepesini delecti filii n.o.bilis viri Caesaris Borgia de Francia, etc. Archives of Modena.
[115] Geradi to Ercole, Rome, September 28th.
[116] Datum in civitate Hispali, January 7, 1502. Yo el rey. Archives of Modena. In Liber Arrendamentorum Terrarum ad Illmos Dnos Roderic.u.m Bor.
de Aragonia Sermoneti, et Jo. de bor., Nepesin. Duces infantes spectantium et alearq. scripturar. status eorundem tangentium. Biselli, 1502.
CHAPTER XXI
THE EVE OF THE WEDDING
Lucretia was impatient to leave Rome, which, she remarked to the amba.s.sador of Ferrara, seemed to her like a prison; the duke himself was no less anxious to conclude the transaction. The preparation of the new bull of invest.i.ture, however, was delayed, and the cession of Cento and Pievi could not be effected without the consent of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, Archbishop of Bologna, who was then living in France.
Ercole, therefore, postponed despatching the bridal escort, although the approach of winter would make the journey, which was severe at any time, all the more difficult. Whenever Lucretia saw the Ferrarese amba.s.sadors she asked them how soon the escort would come to fetch her. She herself endeavored to remove all obstacles. Although the cardinals trembled before the Pope and Caesar, they were reluctant to sign a bull which would lose Ferrara"s tribute to the Church. They were bitterly opposed to allowing the descendants of Alfonso and Lucretia, without limitation, to profit by a remission of the annual payment; they would suffer this privilege to be enjoyed for three generations at most. The duke addressed urgent letters to the cardinal and to Lucretia, who finally, in October, succeeded in arranging matters, thereby winning high praise from her father-in-law. During the first half of October she and the duke kept up a lively correspondence, which shows that their mutual confidence was increasing. It was plain that Ercole was beginning to look upon the unequal match with less displeasure, as he discovered that his daughter-in-law possessed greater sense than he had supposed. Her letters to him were filled with flattery, especially one she wrote when she heard he was sick, and Ercole thanked her for having written it with her own hand, which he regarded as special proof of her affection.[117]
The amba.s.sadors reported to him as follows: "When we informed the ill.u.s.trious d.u.c.h.ess of your Excellency"s illness, her Majesty displayed the greatest concern. She turned pale and stood for a moment bowed in thought. She regretted that she was not in Ferrara to take care of you herself. When the walls of the Vatican salon tumbled in, she nursed his Holiness for two weeks without resting, as the Pope would allow no one else to do anything for him."[118]
Well might the illness of Lucretia"s father-in-law frighten her. His death would have delayed, if not absolutely prevented, her marriage with Alfonso; for up to the present time she had no proof that her prospective husband"s opposition had been overcome.
There are no letters written by either to the other at this time--a silence which is, to say the least, singular. Still more disturbing to Lucretia must have been the thought that her father himself might die, for his death would certainly set aside her betrothal to Alfonso.
Shortly after Ercole"s illness Alexander fell sick. He had caught cold and lost a tooth. To prevent exaggerated reports reaching Ferrara, he had the duke"s envoy summoned, and directed him to write his master that his indisposition was insignificant. "If the duke were here," said the Pope, "I would--even if my face is tied up--invite him to go and hunt wild boars." The amba.s.sador remarked in his despatch that the Pope, if he valued his health, had better change his habits, and not leave the palace before daybreak, and had better return before nightfall.[119]
Ercole and the Pope received congratulations from all sides. Cardinals and amba.s.sadors in their letters proclaimed Lucretia"s beauty and graciousness. The Spanish envoy in Rome praised her in extravagant terms, and Ercole thanked him for his testimony regarding the virtues of his daughter-in-law.[120]
Even the King of France displayed the liveliest pleasure at the event, which, he now discovered, would redound greatly to Ferrara"s advantage.
The Pope, beaming with joy, read the congratulations of the monarch and his consort to the consistory. Louis XII even condescended to address a letter to Madonna Lucretia, at the end of which were two words in his own hand. Alexander was so delighted thereby that he sent a copy of it to Ferrara. The court of Maximilian was the only one from which no congratulations were received. The emperor exhibited such displeasure that Ercole was worried, as the following letter to his plenipotentiaries in Rome shows:
THE DUKE OF FERRARA, ETC.
OUR WELL-LOVED: We have given his Holiness, our Lord, no further information regarding the att.i.tude of the ill.u.s.trious Emperor of the Romans towards him since Messer Michele Remolines departed from here, for we had nothing definite to communicate. We have, however, been told by a trustworthy person with whom the king conversed, that his Majesty was greatly displeased, and that he criticised his Holiness in unmeasured terms on account of the alliance which we have concluded with him, as he also did in letters addressed to us before the betrothal, in which he advised us not to enter into it, as you will learn from the copies of his letters which we send you with this. They were shown and read to his Holiness"s amba.s.sador here. Although, so far as we ourselves are concerned, we did not attach much importance to his Majesty"s att.i.tude, as we followed the dictates of reason, and are daily becoming more convinced that it will prove advantageous for us; it nevertheless appears proper, in view of our relations with his Holiness, that he should be informed of our position.
You will, therefore, tell him everything, and also let him see the copies, if you think best, but you must say to him in our name that he is not to ascribe their authorship to us, and that we have not sent you these copies because of any special importance that we attached to them.
FERRARA, _October 3, 1501_.
The duke now allowed nothing to shake his resolution. Early in October he selected the escort whose departure from Ferrara, he frankly stated, would depend upon the progress of his negotiations with the Pope. The const.i.tution of the bridal trains, both Roman and Ferrarese, was an important question, and is referred to in one of Gerardo"s despatches.
ILl.u.s.tRIOUS SIR, ETC.: To-day at six o"clock Hector and I were alone with the Pope, having your letters of the twenty-sixth ultimo and of the first of the present month, and also a list of those who are to compose the escort. His Holiness was greatly pleased, the various persons being people of wealth and standing, as he could readily see, the rank and position of each being clearly indicated. I have learned from the best of sources that your Excellency has exceeded all the Pope"s expectations. After we had conversed a while with his Holiness, the ill.u.s.trious Duke of Romagna and Cardinal Orsini were summoned. There were also present Monsignor Elna, Monsignor Troche, and Messer Adriano. The Pope had the list read a second time, and again it was praised, especially by the duke, who said he was acquainted with several of the persons named. He kept the list, thanking me warmly when I gave it to him again, for he had returned it to me.
We endeavored to get the list of those who are to come with the ill.u.s.trious d.u.c.h.ess, but it has not yet been prepared. His Holiness said that there would not be many women among the number, as the ladies of Rome were not skilful horsewomen.[121] Hitherto the d.u.c.h.ess has had five or six young ladies at her court--four very young girls and three married women--who will remain with her Majesty. She has, however, been advised not to bring them, as many of the great ladies in Ferrara will offer her their services. She has also a certain Madonna Girolama, Cardinal Borgia"s sister, who is married to one of the Orsini. She and three of her women will accompany her. These are the only ladies of honor she has. .h.i.therto had. I have heard that she will endeavor to find others in Naples, but it is believed that she will be able to secure only a few, and that these will merely accompany her. The d.u.c.h.ess of Urbino has announced that she expects to come with a mounted escort of fifty persons. So far as the men are concerned, his Holiness said that there would not be many, as there were no Roman n.o.blemen except the Orsini, and they generally were away from the city. Still, he hoped to be able to find sufficient, provided the Duke of Romagna did not take the field, there being a large number of n.o.bles among his followers. His Holiness said that he had plenty of priests and scholars to send, but not such persons as were fit for a mission of this sort. However, the retinue furnished by your Majesty will serve for both, especially as--according to his Holiness--it is better for the more numerous escort to be sent by the groom, and for the bride to come accompanied by a smaller number. Still I do not think her suite will number less than two hundred persons. The Pope is in doubt what route her Majesty will travel. He thinks she ought to go by way of Bologna, and he says that the Florentines likewise have invited her. Although his Holiness has reached no decision, the d.u.c.h.ess has informed us that she would journey through the Marches, and the Pope has just concluded that she might do so. Perhaps he desires her to pa.s.s through the estates of the Duke of Romagna on her way to Bologna.
Regarding your Majesty"s wish that a cardinal accompany the d.u.c.h.ess, his Holiness said that it did not seem proper to him for a cardinal to leave Rome with her; but that he had written the Cardinal of Salerno, the Legate in the Marches, to go to the seat of the Duke in Romagna and wait there, and accompany the d.u.c.h.ess to Ferrara to read ma.s.s at the wedding. He thought that the cardinal would do this, unless prevented by sickness, in which case his Holiness would provide another.