Chapter 7: "As Sure As G.o.d Made Green Apples".
180 180 of her birth father, Shelman Sandlin. of her birth father, Shelman Sandlin. Rickford, Rickford, Betty Shabazz Betty Shabazz, pp. 1, 105.180 he even stuffed forty dollars into the envelope. he even stuffed forty dollars into the envelope. Malik Shabazz to Mrs. Malik Shabazz, January 25, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 2. Malik Shabazz to Mrs. Malik Shabazz, January 25, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 2.181 "It looks like she will have to be put down." "It looks like she will have to be put down." Evanzz, Evanzz, The Messenger The Messenger, p. 211.181 in Lynwood, California, on March 30, 1960. in Lynwood, California, on March 30, 1960. Stanley G. Robertson, "Paternity Charge Faces Muhammad: It"s Denied," Stanley G. Robertson, "Paternity Charge Faces Muhammad: It"s Denied," Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Sentinel, July 9, 1964; "Ex-Sweetheart of Malcolm X Accuses Elijah," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, July 11, 1964; and Evanzz, The Messenger The Messenger , p. 218. , p. 218.181 for him to get what he wanted from them. for him to get what he wanted from them. Evanzz, Evanzz, The Messenger The Messenger, pp. 238-39.182 "I"m sick of being treated like a dog." "I"m sick of being treated like a dog." Ibid., pp. 215-17. Ibid., pp. 215-17.182 "under control in his own household." "under control in his own household." Ibid., p. 218. Ibid., p. 218.182 "obtain policy and future plans of Muhammad." "obtain policy and future plans of Muhammad." Ibid., pp. 218-19. Ibid., pp. 218-19. 183 183 take long for the new arrangement to sour. take long for the new arrangement to sour. Ibid., pp. 238-39, 248. Ibid., pp. 238-39, 248.183 but neither was formally charged. but neither was formally charged. Ibid., pp. 248-49. Ibid., pp. 248-49.184 "into a "diplomatic withdrawal of his earlier statement." "into a "diplomatic withdrawal of his earlier statement." "Malcolm X Rips JFK Advisor," "Malcolm X Rips JFK Advisor," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, February 4, 1961; Robert James Branham, ""I Was Gone on Debating: Malcolm Xs Prison Debates and Public Confrontations," Argumentation and Advocacy Argumentation and Advocacy, vol. 31 (Winter 1995), p. 125; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, p. 14.184 "Muslims Give the JFK Man a Fit." "Muslims Give the JFK Man a Fit." "Muslims Give the JFK Man a Fit," "Muslims Give the JFK Man a Fit," New Jersey Herald News New Jersey Herald News, February 4, 1961.185 to accommodate the antic.i.p.ated audience. to accommodate the antic.i.p.ated audience. See "Invited by Campus NAACP, See "Invited by Campus NAACP, Pittsburgh Courier, February 11, 1961; "Muslim Malcolm X Out as Howard U. History Speaker," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, February 25, 1961; and "Malcolm May Not Talk at Howard," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, February 25, 1961. DeCaro states that an NAACP official intervened to cancel the lecture. See DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 174.185 "on them when we get there." "on them when we get there." DeCaro, DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 174.186 was his ident.i.ty as "A BLACK MAN! was his ident.i.ty as "A BLACK MAN! "1,500 Hear Integration-Non-Segregation Debate," "1,500 Hear Integration-Non-Segregation Debate," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, November 11, 1961; and "Malcolm Xs Howard University Lecture," October 30, 1961, MXC-S, box 5, folder 15.187 "I feel a reluctance to face my cla.s.s tomorrow." "I feel a reluctance to face my cla.s.s tomorrow." "1,500 Hear Integration-Non-Segregation Debate." "1,500 Hear Integration-Non-Segregation Debate."187 "must have some land of our own." "must have some land of our own." "Harvard Hears Malcolm X, NAACP Speaker," "Harvard Hears Malcolm X, NAACP Speaker," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, April 8, 1961; and "The Harvard Law School Forum of March 24, 1961," in Archie Epps, ed., The Malcolm X Speeches at Harvard The Malcolm X Speeches at Harvard (New York: Paragon House, 1961), pp. 115-31. (New York: Paragon House, 1961), pp. 115-31.188 would often dictate parts of his speeches. would often dictate parts of his speeches. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.188 John Ali could monitor the addresses. John Ali could monitor the addresses. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962.188 which had to be relocated to the local YMCA. which had to be relocated to the local YMCA. "UC Forbids," "UC Forbids," San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, May 7, 1961; "Malcolm X Raps UC," San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1961; "West Coast University Bars," Afro-American Afro-American (Baltimore), May 20, 1961; and MX FBI, Memo, San Francisco Office, May 19, 1961. (Baltimore), May 20, 1961; and MX FBI, Memo, San Francisco Office, May 19, 1961.188 debate "hate" journalist Louis Lomax. debate "hate" journalist Louis Lomax. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, p. 18. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, p. 18.188 Malcolm denied that such a position existed. Malcolm denied that such a position existed. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, p. 17; and DeCaro, MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, p. 17; and DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 182.188 "house of bondage four thousand years ago." "house of bondage four thousand years ago." "A Partial Transcript of a Sermon by Malcolm X at Elder Solomon Lightfoot Michaux"s New York Church of G.o.d, June 16, 1961," in DeCaro, "A Partial Transcript of a Sermon by Malcolm X at Elder Solomon Lightfoot Michaux"s New York Church of G.o.d, June 16, 1961," in DeCaro, Malcolm and the Cross Malcolm and the Cross, pp. 223-35. Michaux was one of the first African-American radio and television evangelists. Michaux"s brother Lewis operated a black bookstore on Harlem"s 125th Street that was a popular meeting place for black nationalists.189 it could very well be "the start of a holy war." it could very well be "the start of a holy war." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, April 14, 1961. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, April 14, 1961.189 and demanded secretary Dag Hammarskjold"s firing. and demanded secretary Dag Hammarskjold"s firing. Martin Meredith, Martin Meredith, The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Post-War Era The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Post-War Era (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), pp. 150-51. (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), pp. 150-51.190 "no one to use me against the nationalists." "no one to use me against the nationalists." "Muslims to Sue Adlai Stevenson," "Muslims to Sue Adlai Stevenson," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, February 25, 1961; "Muslims Sue Dailies," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, March 11, 1961; MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1961, pp. 15-16; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, September 25, 1963, pp. 8, 24; "Americans Active in Demonstration at U.N. Meeting," Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Daily World, February 16, 1961; "Mob Invades U.N., 21 Hurt!" Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, February 16, 1961; "U.S. Blames Reds for Negroes Act," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, February 16, 1961.190 her acquaintance with him several years later. her acquaintance with him several years later. Maya Angelou, Maya Angelou, The Heart of a Woman The Heart of a Woman (New York: Random House, 1981), pp. 166-70. (New York: Random House, 1981), pp. 166-70.190 "and will not be a "spooky war."" "and will not be a "spooky war."" FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, August 25, 1963, pp. 25, 26. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, August 25, 1963, pp. 25, 26.190 to achieve under the "American flag." to achieve under the "American flag." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962.191 NOI duly sold discounted copies of the book. NOI duly sold discounted copies of the book. Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X, March 23, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8. Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X, March 23, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8.191 "August fourteenth, 217 West 125th Street." "August fourteenth, 217 West 125th Street." Telegram, A. Phillip Randolph to Malcolm X, August 11, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 13. Telegram, A. Phillip Randolph to Malcolm X, August 11, 1961, MXC-S, box 3, folder 13.192 "with the white man, we must separate." "with the white man, we must separate." FBI-Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, January 1962. FBI-Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, January 1962.193 "think this will accomplish anything," he declared. "think this will accomplish anything," he declared. Harold L. Keith, "Leaders Bury Differences, Merge: New York Group Formed to Uplift Negro Ma.s.ses," Harold L. Keith, "Leaders Bury Differences, Merge: New York Group Formed to Uplift Negro Ma.s.ses," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier , October 7, 1961. , October 7, 1961.193 name, in parentheses, was written "Malik el Shabazz." name, in parentheses, was written "Malik el Shabazz." Evelyn Cunningham, "Panel Will Continue; Malcolm X and Randolph Spark Rally in Harlem," Evelyn Cunningham, "Panel Will Continue; Malcolm X and Randolph Spark Rally in Harlem," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, September 16, 1961.194 "blond hair, and he has a white skin." "blond hair, and he has a white skin." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 23, 1962.194 at the top of the command structure. at the top of the command structure. FBI-Raymond X Sharrieff file, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 8, 1962, and August 8, 1962. FBI-Raymond X Sharrieff file, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 8, 1962, and August 8, 1962.194 cash register, and resentment began to grow. cash register, and resentment began to grow. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.194 "making jokes about s.e.xual nonperformance." "making jokes about s.e.xual nonperformance." Ibid. Ibid.195 local captains directly responsible to Malcolm. local captains directly responsible to Malcolm. Clegg, Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, pp. 113, 181. Goldman directly disputes Clegg on this issue. According to Goldman, "A 1961 administrative decree had made the temple captains answerable only to Chicago." See Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 110.195 that would have meant for Sharrieff"s continued authority. that would have meant for Sharrieff"s continued authority. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.195 "among the ma.s.ses they would lead to a black Utopia." "among the ma.s.ses they would lead to a black Utopia." DeCaro, DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 177.196 of whom 737 were defined as active. of whom 737 were defined as active. Secretary"s Account of Records, Mosque No. 7. Copy in possession of author. Secretary"s Account of Records, Mosque No. 7. Copy in possession of author.196 "Everybody got a story." "Everybody got a story." James 67X Warden interview, July 24, 2007. James 67X Warden interview, July 24, 2007.196 at a Seventh Avenue nightclub. at a Seventh Avenue nightclub. FBI-Charles 37X Morris (also known as Charles Kenyatta) file, Correlation Summary, New York Office, August 4, 2006; FBI-Morris, Memo, Washington Office, November 6, 1968; and FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office to the Director, March 13, 1968. FBI-Charles 37X Morris (also known as Charles Kenyatta) file, Correlation Summary, New York Office, August 4, 2006; FBI-Morris, Memo, Washington Office, November 6, 1968; and FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office to the Director, March 13, 1968.196 was discharged on September 13, 1946. was discharged on September 13, 1946. FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1968. FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1968.196 where the latter was a.s.sistant minister. where the latter was a.s.sistant minister. Ibid.; and Charles Kenyatta, Oral History Interview, 1970, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Ma.n.u.script Division, Howard University Library. Ibid.; and Charles Kenyatta, Oral History Interview, 1970, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Ma.n.u.script Division, Howard University Library.197 "mixed type, mildly depressed but cooperative." "mixed type, mildly depressed but cooperative." FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1968. FBI-Morris, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1968.197 he described as a "really beautiful childhood." he described as a "really beautiful childhood." Mark Jacobson, "The Man Who Didn"t Shoot Malcolm X, Mark Jacobson, "The Man Who Didn"t Shoot Malcolm X, New York, October 1, 2007, p. 41.197 he was sentenced to twelve months in prison. he was sentenced to twelve months in prison. Ibid., p. 40. Ibid., p. 40.197 "rescue, bring relief or salvation." "rescue, bring relief or salvation." John L. Esposito, John L. Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 138. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 138.197 adhered rigidly to Muslim dietary laws. adhered rigidly to Muslim dietary laws. Jacobson, pp. 40-41. Jacobson, pp. 40-41.197 "I would be the first one on the scene." "I would be the first one on the scene." Thomas 15X Johnson (also known as Khalil Islam) interview, September 29, 2004. Thomas 15X Johnson (also known as Khalil Islam) interview, September 29, 2004.198 that had also fascinated Frantz Fanon. that had also fascinated Frantz Fanon. Ibid. Ibid.198 "grow to be hated when you become well known." "grow to be hated when you become well known." Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 270. 199 199 greatly inflated image of his party"s actual number. greatly inflated image of his party"s actual number. See William H. Schmaltz, See William H. Schmaltz, Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American n.a.z.i Party Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American n.a.z.i Party (Washington, D.C.: Batsford Bra.s.sey, 1999). (Washington, D.C.: Batsford Bra.s.sey, 1999).199 "and admirable human beings in spite of their color." "and admirable human beings in spite of their color." On the connections between the American n.a.z.i Party and the Nation of Islam, see Clegg, On the connections between the American n.a.z.i Party and the Nation of Islam, see Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, pp. 152-56; and Schmaltz, Hate Hate, pp. 119-20.199 and the races dwelled in separate states. and the races dwelled in separate states. Clegg, Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, pp. 154-55.200 "You got the biggest hand you ever got." "You got the biggest hand you ever got." Schmaltz, Schmaltz, Hate Hate, pp. 120-21; and "Separation-or Death: Muslim Watchword," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, July 1, 1961.200 "its mishandling of the Black Man." "its mishandling of the Black Man." George Lincoln Rockwell, "The Jew: Moment of Lies in the South," George Lincoln Rockwell, "The Jew: Moment of Lies in the South," The Rockwell Report The Rockwell Report, January 3, 1962.201 "Muhammad is right-separation or death!" "Muhammad is right-separation or death!" Schmaltz, Schmaltz, Hate Hate, pp. 133-34; and "U.S. n.a.z.i Boss Among 3,000 at Rally," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, February 26, 1962.201 "Muhammad used to scare blacks into the NOI. "Muhammad used to scare blacks into the NOI. Clegg, Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, p. 154.201 "be separated to get justice and freedom." "be separated to get justice and freedom." "Rockwell and Co.-They Speak for All White," "Rockwell and Co.-They Speak for All White," Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks, April 1962.201 "doesn"t necessarily mean we gotta kill each other." "doesn"t necessarily mean we gotta kill each other." Schmaltz, Schmaltz, Hate Hate, pp. 159-60, 201. Rockwell continued to cite the views of Malcolm X as a justification for his own racist agenda, up to the time of his death in 1967. During an interview with Alex Haley, published in Playboy Playboy magazine in April 1966, for instance, Rockwell declared that "the harder you people push for that [integration], the madder white people are going to get. . . . Malcolm X said the same thing I"m saying." See "Interview with George Lincoln Rockwell," magazine in April 1966, for instance, Rockwell declared that "the harder you people push for that [integration], the madder white people are going to get. . . . Malcolm X said the same thing I"m saying." See "Interview with George Lincoln Rockwell," Playboy Playboy, vol. 13, no. 4 (April 1966), pp. 71-72, 74, 76-82, 154, 156.201 should have favored Rustin. should have favored Rustin. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.201 ""he couldn"t be talking about ""he couldn"t be talking about me me-Im the liberal."" John D"Emilio, John D"Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (New York: Free Press, 2003), p. 324; and Goldman, (New York: Free Press, 2003), p. 324; and Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 67.202 Mosque No. 23 in Buffalo, New York. Mosque No. 23 in Buffalo, New York. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 7; and FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 7; and FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.202 at Harlem"s Rockland Palace. at Harlem"s Rockland Palace. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, October 18, 1962; and FBI-Benjamin 2X Goodman (also known as Benjamin Karim) file, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, October 18, 1962; and FBI-Benjamin 2X Goodman (also known as Benjamin Karim) file, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.202 "when the Government shows interest?" "when the Government shows interest?" Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X, February 15, 1962, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8. Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X, February 15, 1962, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8.203 "made to suffer, morning, noon and night." "made to suffer, morning, noon and night." Malcolm X and James Farmer, "Separation or Integration: A Debate," Malcolm X and James Farmer, "Separation or Integration: A Debate," Dialogue Dialogue, vol. 2, no. 3 (May 1962), pp. 14-18.203 the black middle cla.s.s that opposed desegregation. the black middle cla.s.s that opposed desegregation. Ibid. Ibid.203 that Farmer was married to a white woman. that Farmer was married to a white woman. Ibid. Ibid.204 "boycotting, withholding their patronage." "boycotting, withholding their patronage." Ibid. Ibid.204 partnership between the two men in the year to come. partnership between the two men in the year to come. "Malcolm X Packs Powell"s Church," no date, MXC-S, box 5, folder 17. Also see FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; FBI-Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, March 21, 1963. "Malcolm X Packs Powell"s Church," no date, MXC-S, box 5, folder 17. Also see FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; FBI-Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, March 21, 1963.204 selling bulk copies of selling bulk copies of Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks. "Louis Farrakhan," in Jenkins, ed., "Louis Farrakhan," in Jenkins, ed., Malcolm X Encyclopedia Malcolm X Encyclopedia, pp. 218-19; and Evanzz, The Messenger The Messenger, pp. 296-97.205 "would have liked to [have been] in her position." "would have liked to [have been] in her position." Rickford, Rickford, Betty Shabazz Betty Shabazz, pp. 143-44.205 certainly provide for Betty and their children. certainly provide for Betty and their children. Ibid., pp. 144-45. Ibid., pp. 144-45.206 against racially restrictive housing covenants. against racially restrictive housing covenants. See Douglas Flamming, See Douglas Flamming, Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 69. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 69.206 continued to be a problem well into the 1960s. continued to be a problem well into the 1960s. Stephen Meyer Grant, Stephen Meyer Grant, As Long as They Don"t Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods As Long as They Don"t Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), pp. 178-83. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), pp. 178-83.206 By 1960, 468,000 blacks resided in Los Angeles County. By 1960, 468,000 blacks resided in Los Angeles County. On the economic conditions of blacks in Los Angeles, see Josh Sides, On the economic conditions of blacks in Los Angeles, see Josh Sides, L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). The best study doc.u.menting the socioeconomic and political factors leading up to the 1965 Watts riots in South Central Los Angeles is Gerald Horne, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). The best study doc.u.menting the socioeconomic and political factors leading up to the 1965 Watts riots in South Central Los Angeles is Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995). (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995).206 to settle a local factional dispute. to settle a local factional dispute. Frederick Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam," Frederick Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History, vol. 79, no. 2 (Spring 1974), pp. 182-96.206 "violence or any other means." "violence or any other means." Ibid. Ibid.206 acquitted the Muslims on all charges. acquitted the Muslims on all charges. Ibid.; and "Study Shows Los Angeles Police Were Investigating Muslims at Time of Riot," Ibid.; and "Study Shows Los Angeles Police Were Investigating Muslims at Time of Riot," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, May 12, 1962.207 mosque, they approached with suspicion. mosque, they approached with suspicion. Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?" pp. 12-196; and DeCaro, Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?" pp. 12-196; and DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 184.207 "that Stokes"s death was "justifiable."" "that Stokes"s death was "justifiable."" Goldman, Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 97.207 "What the "What the h.e.l.l h.e.l.l are you here for?" are you here for?" Ibid., pp. 97-98. Ibid., pp. 97-98.207 "came out of the street with gangster leanings." "came out of the street with gangster leanings." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.208 "Brothers volunteered for it." "Brothers volunteered for it." James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.208 "rather than go out with the struggle of our people." "rather than go out with the struggle of our people." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.208 "You"re black-that"s enough." "You"re black-that"s enough." MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, pp. 17-18; and "Conduct Rites for California Black Muslim Riot Victim," MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, pp. 17-18; and "Conduct Rites for California Black Muslim Riot Victim," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 7, 1962.209 "of the followers of the Honorable Elijah." "of the followers of the Honorable Elijah." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.209 "an aggressor to come into their mosque." "an aggressor to come into their mosque." Clegg, Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, p. 171.209 Roland Stokes submitted and was killed. Roland Stokes submitted and was killed. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.209 "It would have been a trap." "It would have been a trap." Goldman, Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 98.
Chapter 8: From Prayer to Protest.
211 211 "any black person anywhere on this earth." "any black person anywhere on this earth." Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?," p. 190. Knight, "Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?," p. 190.211 in front of the Hotel Theresa. in front of the Hotel Theresa. "Malcolm X Heads Rally Sunday," "Malcolm X Heads Rally Sunday," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, May 26, 1962; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI-Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, March 21, 1963.212 "a "a religious religious solution will fit the problem of Police Brutality." solution will fit the problem of Police Brutality." Minister John Shabazz to Brother Minister, June 1, 1962, MXC-S, box 12, folder 1. Minister John Shabazz to Brother Minister, June 1, 1962, MXC-S, box 12, folder 1.212 "call on our G.o.d-He gets rid of 120 of them." "call on our G.o.d-He gets rid of 120 of them." Jack V. Fox, "Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm Xs Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites," Jack V. Fox, "Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm Xs Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, July 14, 1962. Also see Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, p. 201.212 "developed into a large-scale hatred of whites." "developed into a large-scale hatred of whites." Fox, "Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X"s Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites." Fox, "Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X"s Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites."212 "fanatical" and "anti-white organization." "fanatical" and "anti-white organization." MX FBI, Memo, Director to French Legal Attache, August 8, 1962. MX FBI, Memo, Director to French Legal Attache, August 8, 1962.213 "word "freedom out of your vocabulary." "word "freedom out of your vocabulary." Wallace Turner, "Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes," Wallace Turner, "Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes," New York Times New York Times, November 26, 1962.213 "would be eliminated from the mosque." "would be eliminated from the mosque." MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 8; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI-Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 8; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI-Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963.215 "self-defense is granted throughout the world." "self-defense is granted throughout the world." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.216 moved toward these ideas long before Chicago. moved toward these ideas long before Chicago. "Muhammad Asks for Black State, Tax Exemptions," "Muhammad Asks for Black State, Tax Exemptions," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, July 16, 1962; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI-Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963. 216 216 "coming at the cadenced pauses in his oratory." "coming at the cadenced pauses in his oratory." H. D. Quigg, "2,000 Jam Harlem Square to Hear Muslim Leaders Extol Their Cause," H. D. Quigg, "2,000 Jam Harlem Square to Hear Muslim Leaders Extol Their Cause," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, July 24, 1962; and FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.216 Malcolm"s old sparring partner Bayard Rustin. Malcolm"s old sparring partner Bayard Rustin. "2,500 at Moslem Rally," "2,500 at Moslem Rally," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, July 28, 1962.217 the feminized Arabic version of Elijah. the feminized Arabic version of Elijah. Rickford, Rickford, Betty Shabazz Betty Shabazz, p. 123; and Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, pp. 180-81.217 Malcolm even briefly addressed the strikers. Malcolm even briefly addressed the strikers. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 23; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, September 25, 1963, p. 17. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 23; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, September 25, 1963, p. 17.217 hopes of prompting a federal investigation of the NOI hopes of prompting a federal investigation of the NOI. Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire (New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 12. (New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 12.217 "be a n.a.z.i than whatever Mr. Yorty is." "be a n.a.z.i than whatever Mr. Yorty is." "Mayor Yorty Says Cult Backs "Hate,"" "Mayor Yorty Says Cult Backs "Hate,"" New York Times New York Times, July 27, 1962.217 prominent role in determining the course of the case. prominent role in determining the course of the case. Branch, Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire, pp. 10-11.217 "impaneled jury because of the lack of sufficient numbers of Negroes." "impaneled jury because of the lack of sufficient numbers of Negroes." MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 19. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 19.218 except to cancel all his remaining college appearances. except to cancel all his remaining college appearances. Ibid., p. 24. Ibid., p. 24.218 "and the sort of Ivy League suit (and bald head)." "and the sort of Ivy League suit (and bald head)." Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004. Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.218 it also earned him Malcolm"s attention. it also earned him Malcolm"s attention. See Peter Goldman, "Black Muslims Fail to Flourish Here," See Peter Goldman, "Black Muslims Fail to Flourish Here," St. Louis Globe-Democrat St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 2, 1962.218 "understand the Nation of Islam?" "understand the Nation of Islam?" Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004. Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.219 "moment you saw him, [you felt] this incredible presence." "moment you saw him, [you felt] this incredible presence." Ibid. Ibid.219 Louis Xs "A White Man"s Heaven Is a Black Man"s h.e.l.l." Louis Xs "A White Man"s Heaven Is a Black Man"s h.e.l.l." Goldman, Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 6.219 "device for disarming the blacks and, worse still, unmanning them." "device for disarming the blacks and, worse still, unmanning them." Ibid. Ibid.219 still believing "the threat was useful." still believing "the threat was useful." Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004. Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.220 years of covert surveillance, but all of it unattributed. years of covert surveillance, but all of it unattributed. Marable, Marable, Living Black History Living Black History, p. 150.221 "So it began eating away at [my] brother." "So it began eating away at [my] brother." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.221 University of Bridgeport because of "throat trouble." University of Bridgeport because of "throat trouble." MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 24. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 24.221 also found employment as a building supervisor. also found employment as a building supervisor. FBI-Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1960. FBI-Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1960.221 a "specialist in Islamic literature and history." a "specialist in Islamic literature and history." Ibid., October 27, 1961. Ibid., October 27, 1961.221 to establish an NOI mosque in Bridgeport, Connecticut. to establish an NOI mosque in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Ibid., October 17, 1962. Ibid., October 17, 1962.222 that year was named the mosque"s "main speaker." that year was named the mosque"s "main speaker." Ibid. Ibid.222 "Not in the buddy sense. He was always in "Not in the buddy sense. He was always in command command. Goldman, Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 19.222 "If you leave again, I"m not coming after you." "If you leave again, I"m not coming after you." Rickford, Rickford, Betty Shabazz Betty Shabazz, pp. 105-6.222 "that I would defend him. . . . It was a good place for Betty to be." "that I would defend him. . . . It was a good place for Betty to be." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.223 "get to the grade school level in Mississippi." "get to the grade school level in Mississippi." Goldman, Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 8, 96.223 he would punch him "right in the mouth." he would punch him "right in the mouth." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.224 among those who "suffer" from a "colonial mentality." among those who "suffer" from a "colonial mentality." Malcolm X to the Editor, "What Malcolm X to the Editor, "What Courier Courier Readers Think: Muslim vs. Moslem!," Readers Think: Muslim vs. Moslem!," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, October 6, 1962; and Travel Diaries (Transcription): Middle East and West Africa, April-May 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.224 "that they are being led straight to h.e.l.l." "that they are being led straight to h.e.l.l." Yahya Hayari to the Editor, "What Yahya Hayari to the Editor, "What Courier Courier Readers Think: A Blast at Muhammad," Readers Think: A Blast at Muhammad," Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, October 27, 1962.224 "from the evils of this Christian world overnight." "from the evils of this Christian world overnight." Malcolm X to the Editor, Malcolm X to the Editor, "Amsterdam News "Amsterdam News Readers Write," Readers Write," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, November 24, 1962; and Edward Curtis, IV, "Islamism and Its African American Muslim Critics: Black Muslims in the Era of the Arab Cold War," American Quarterly American Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 3 (September 2007), pp. 88-89. 224 224 literature and asked Osman for more. literature and asked Osman for more. DeCaro, DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, pp. 201-2; and Curtis, "Islamism and Its African American Critics," p. 90.224 "Christians call him Christ, Jews call him Jehovah." "Christians call him Christ, Jews call him Jehovah." Ibid., p. 159. Ibid., p. 159.225 Malcolm, upset, left in a waiting automobile. Malcolm, upset, left in a waiting automobile. Ibid., pp. 159-60. Ibid., pp. 159-60.225 all the way from Louisville to hear Elijah Muhammad speak. all the way from Louisville to hear Elijah Muhammad speak. There is a ma.s.sive literature about Muhammad Ali (Ca.s.sius Clay). For a general introduction to the subject, see: David Remnick, There is a ma.s.sive literature about Muhammad Ali (Ca.s.sius Clay). For a general introduction to the subject, see: David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (New York: Random House, 1998); John Miller and Aaron Kenedi, eds., (New York: Random House, 1998); John Miller and Aaron Kenedi, eds., Muhammad Ali: Ringside Muhammad Ali: Ringside (Boston: Bullfinch, 1999); Anthony O. Edmonds, (Boston: Bullfinch, 1999); Anthony O. Edmonds, Muhammad Ali: A Biography Muhammad Ali: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006); and Mike Marqusee, (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006); and Mike Marqusee, Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties (New York: Verso, 1999). (New York: Verso, 1999).226 "I said to myself, listen, this man"s saying saying something! something! Interview with Muhammad Ali by Alex Haley, in Miller and Kenedi, eds., Interview with Muhammad Ali by Alex Haley, in Miller and Kenedi, eds., Muhammad Ali: Ringside Muhammad Ali: Ringside, pp. 39, 42.226 "the first time I ever felt spiritual in my life." "the first time I ever felt spiritual in my life." Edmonds, Edmonds, Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali, p. 37.226 "down-to-earth youngster," as he later related. "down-to-earth youngster," as he later related. Remnick, Remnick, King of the World King of the World, p. 165.227 "It certainly rubbed off on Ali." "It certainly rubbed off on Ali." Ibid. Ibid.227 fund-raising drive and teaching cla.s.ses for two weeks. fund-raising drive and teaching cla.s.ses for two weeks. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 11. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 11.227 priest of black cultural nationalism, known as Maulana Karenga. priest of black cultural nationalism, known as Maulana Karenga. "Racial Militancy and Pride Urged at West Coast Rally," "Racial Militancy and Pride Urged at West Coast Rally," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, November 28, 1962.227 "punctuated the statements made by Malcolm X." "punctuated the statements made by Malcolm X." Wallace Turner, "Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes," Wallace Turner, "Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes," New York Times New York Times, November 26, 1962.228 "the white man. We must solve it for ourselves." "the white man. We must solve it for ourselves." Ibid.; Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, "Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution," Ibid.; Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, "Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution," Souls Souls, vol. 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999), pp. 6-41.228 while selling while selling Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks in Times Square in Times Square. DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 185; and "Jail Term," Militant Militant (New York), February 4, 1963. (New York), February 4, 1963.228 to court, but he could not condone cowardice. to court, but he could not condone cowardice. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.228 suppression of press freedom, and "the freedom of religious expression." suppression of press freedom, and "the freedom of religious expression." Telegram, Malcolm X to Mayor Robert Wagner, New York City, January 2, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18. Telegram, Malcolm X to Mayor Robert Wagner, New York City, January 2, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.228 he told the press, before filing formal complaints. he told the press, before filing formal complaints. "Muslims Protest Rights Violation by Police," "Muslims Protest Rights Violation by Police," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, January 10, 1963; "Rights Violated," Democrat and Chronicle Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY), January 8, 1963; "Muslim a.s.sails," (Rochester, NY), January 8, 1963; "Muslim a.s.sails," Democrat and Chronicle Democrat and Chronicle, February 15, 1963; and DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 185.228 "that the "that the whole Dark World is with them whole Dark World is with them. DeCaro, DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 185.228 "tired of hearing about Muslims being pistol-whipped." "tired of hearing about Muslims being pistol-whipped." FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.229 newspaper salesmen were sentenced to sixty days in jail. newspaper salesmen were sentenced to sixty days in jail. See See Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks, February 4, 1963; and Militant Militant, February 4, 1963.229 "for a wind to come along and fan the breeze." "for a wind to come along and fan the breeze." Malcolm X address, "Twenty Million Black People in a Political, Economic and Mental Prison," in Bruce Perry, ed., Malcolm X address, "Twenty Million Black People in a Political, Economic and Mental Prison," in Bruce Perry, ed., Malcolm X: The Last Speeches Malcolm X: The Last Speeches (New York: Pathfinder, 1989), pp. 25-57. (New York: Pathfinder, 1989), pp. 25-57.229 "or accomplishment that black people want." "or accomplishment that black people want." Ibid. Ibid.229 "They usually go and use the economic weapon." "They usually go and use the economic weapon." Ibid. Also see "Muslim Leader Asks Negro Nation in U.S., Ibid. Also see "Muslim Leader Asks Negro Nation in U.S., Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, January 26, 1963.230 "if the Negro could "speak as an American."" "if the Negro could "speak as an American."" "Meredith, Gantt Entries "Hypocritical": Malcolm X, "Meredith, Gantt Entries "Hypocritical": Malcolm X, Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, January 31, 1963.230 plan for a separate black state inside the United States. plan for a separate black state inside the United States. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 6, 1963. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 6, 1963.230 his responsibility. No one was arrested. his responsibility. No one was arrested. DeCaro, DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 185; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 19.231 for their bail had been forwarded by Elijah Muhammad. for their bail had been forwarded by Elijah Muhammad. MX FBI, Summary, New York Office, May 16, 1963, pp. 18-20. MX FBI, Summary, New York Office, May 16, 1963, pp. 18-20.231 hundreds of protesters down affluent midtown Manhattan streets. hundreds of protesters down affluent midtown Manhattan streets. Ibid. Ibid.231 "denied the leadership if he wants it." "denied the leadership if he wants it." Alfred Balk and Alex Haley, "Black Merchants of Hate," Alfred Balk and Alex Haley, "Black Merchants of Hate," Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, vol. 236 (January 26, 1963), pp. 67-74. 232 232 but the crowd still buzzed with whispers of impropriety. but the crowd still buzzed with whispers of impropriety. Natambu, Natambu, Malcolm X Malcolm X, p. 263.232 had a "very nasty att.i.tude." had a "very nasty att.i.tude." "Negroes: Death, Lost Sheep," February 13, 1964, MXC-S, box 9, folder 1. "Negroes: Death, Lost Sheep," February 13, 1964, MXC-S, box 9, folder 1.232 find a way around the family"s demands. find a way around the family"s demands. Branch, Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire, p. 17.233 "attempts to advise and tell the family what to do." "attempts to advise and tell the family what to do." MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 21. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 21.233 Muhammad"s s.e.xual misconduct in the mid-1950s. Muhammad"s s.e.xual misconduct in the mid-1950s. Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 301.233 "he was tearing me apart behind my back." "he was tearing me apart behind my back." Ibid., p. 303. Ibid., p. 303.233 "You are a married man!" "You are a married man!" Marable, Marable, Living Black History Living Black History, p. 172.233 Malcolm "would really hurt Betty." Malcolm "would really hurt Betty." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.234 in early April flew to Phoenix to learn his future. in early April flew to Phoenix to learn his future. Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography, pp. 303-4.
Chapter 9: "He Was Developing Too Fast".
235 235 "than the positive fact of David"s killing Goliath." "than the positive fact of David"s killing Goliath." Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography, p. 304.235 "man"s wife, I"m that David," he told Malcolm. "man"s wife, I"m that David," he told Malcolm. Ibid., p. 305. Ibid., p. 305.235 his goal was to "inoculate" the Nation"s rank and file his goal was to "inoculate" the Nation"s rank and file. Ibid. Also see Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 113-14; Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, pp. 188, 191-92; and DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 191.236 ease the news of Muhammad"s transgressions. ease the news of Muhammad"s transgressions. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 15, 1963, pp. 6, 9. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 15, 1963, pp. 6, 9.236 Elijah Muhammad, but was reluctant to bring it up with him. Elijah Muhammad, but was reluctant to bring it up with him. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003. James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.236 "doctrine to Muslims, and current events, and politics." "doctrine to Muslims, and current events, and politics." Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography , pp. 300-301. , pp. 300-301.236 "and also the devils in that city." "and also the devils in that city." Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm Shabazz, April 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6. Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm Shabazz, April 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6.236 "negative att.i.tude" toward "negative att.i.tude" toward Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964; and MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 15, 1963, and May 23, 1963. FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964; and MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 15, 1963, and May 23, 1963.237 contacting Joseph directly on mosque matters. contacting Joseph directly on mosque matters. Branch, Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire, p. 163.237 "our people to our one from the Speaker"s Stand!" "our people to our one from the Speaker"s Stand!" Open letter from Elijah Muhammad, April 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8. Open letter from Elijah Muhammad, April 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 8.237 "the No. 2 man of the Black Muslim sect." "the No. 2 man of the Black Muslim sect." "Malcolm X Coming Here," "Malcolm X Coming Here," Washington Post Washington Post, May 1, 1963.237 black street crime in the nation"s capital. black street crime in the nation"s capital. "Malcolm X in D.C. with Solution to Crime Rate," "Malcolm X in D.C. with Solution to Crime Rate," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 13, 1963. The press conference was held on May 9, 1963.238 at the invitation of the local minister, Jeremiah X. at the invitation of the local minister, Jeremiah X. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 15, 1963; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 15, 1963, p. 26. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 15, 1963; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 15, 1963, p. 26.238 "he is a four-legged dog or a two-legged dog." "he is a four-legged dog or a two-legged dog." "Malcolm X in D.C. with Solution to Crime Rate." "Malcolm X in D.C. with Solution to Crime Rate."238 The trial of fourteen Muslims began on April 8, 1964. The trial of fourteen Muslims began on April 8, 1964. "14 Muslims Go on Trial in Fatal Riot," "14 Muslims Go on Trial in Fatal Riot," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 9, 1963.238 "circulated in a dense crowd outside." "circulated in a dense crowd outside." Bill Lane, "Jury Selection for Muslim Trial Fair," Bill Lane, "Jury Selection for Muslim Trial Fair," Los Angeles Sentinel, Los Angeles Sentinel, April 12, 1963; and "14 Muslims Go on Trial in Fatal Riot." April 12, 1963; and "14 Muslims Go on Trial in Fatal Riot."238 all-white jury of eleven women and one man was sworn in. all-white jury of eleven women and one man was sworn in. "Row Flares Over Jurors in Muslim Riot Trial," "Row Flares Over Jurors in Muslim Riot Trial," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 25, 1963. Reporter Bill Lane of the Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Sentinel claimed that six of the twelve jurors were black. See Lane, "Jury Selection for Muslim Trial Fair." claimed that six of the twelve jurors were black. See Lane, "Jury Selection for Muslim Trial Fair."238 separate section was created for the women. separate section was created for the women. "Negroes Ask Segregated Court Seats," "Negroes Ask Segregated Court Seats," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1963. 238 238 would be allotted on a first-come, first-served basis. would be allotted on a first-come, first-served basis. "Muslim Riot Described by Officer," "Muslim Riot Described by Officer," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1963.238 who had killed Ronald Stokes, and provocatively took several photos of him. who had killed Ronald Stokes, and provocatively took several photos of him. "Top New York Muslim Says L.A. Is on Trial," "Top New York Muslim Says L.A. Is on Trial," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1963.239 "white people of the country are in agreement with the n.a.z.is." "white people of the country are in agreement with the n.a.z.is." Gladwin Hill, "Muslims" Defense Opened on Coast," Gladwin Hill, "Muslims" Defense Opened on Coast," New York Times New York Times, May 12, 1963; "Use of Word "Negro" Issue in Muslim Trial," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 8, 1963; and "Malcolm X Raps L.A. Press as Favoring Cops in Trial," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 25, 1963.239 "I just thought I might lose my temper." "I just thought I might lose my temper." "Muslim Trial Interrupted by Attorney," "Muslim Trial Interrupted by Attorney," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 7, 1963.239 "so they would have a reason to shoot us." "so they would have a reason to shoot us." "Muslim Trial to Jury, Malcolm X Is Rousted," "Muslim Trial to Jury, Malcolm X Is Rousted," Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Sentinel, May 23, 1963.239 had made their point, and beat a hasty retreat. had made their point, and beat a hasty retreat. Ben Burns, "First Negro-Owned Station to Hit Airwaves," Ben Burns, "First Negro-Owned Station to Hit Airwaves," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 8, 1963; and "Negro Picket Slugged at Black Muslim Rally," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1963.239 failed to reach unanimous verdicts on two others. failed to reach unanimous verdicts on two others. "9 Muslims Guilty in Coast Riot," "9 Muslims Guilty in Coast Riot," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1963; and "11 Convicted on 37 of 42 Counts in Muslim Trial," Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Sentinel, June 20, 1963.239 the prisoners" probation hearing on their behalf. the prisoners" probation hearing on their behalf. "Black Muslim Rioters Get Prison Terms," "Black Muslim Rioters Get Prison Terms," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1963; and "6 Jurors Say Muslims Got Unfair Trial," Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Daily World, September 1, 1963.240 he met privately with Green for two hours. he met privately with Green for two hours. C. Portis, "Celebrities and Celebrators Pour into City," C. Portis, "Celebrities and Celebrators Pour into City," New York Herald Tribune New York Herald Tribune, May 15, 1963; MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 15, 1963; and "Miscellaneous Financial Doc.u.ments," MXC-S, box 11, folder 15.240 "had demonstrated their ability to defend themselves." "had demonstrated their ability to defend themselves." "Black Muslim Raps Hearing Postponement," "Black Muslim Raps Hearing Postponement," Washington Post Washington Post, May 17, 1963; M. S. Handler, "Malcolm X Scores Kennedy on Racial Policy," New York Times New York Times, May 17, 1963; and "Malcolm X Denounces JFK on Civil Rights," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 25, 1963.240 "fox will eat you with a smile instead of a scowl." "fox will eat you with a smile instead of a scowl." MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, May 13, 1963, May 14, 1963, and May 23, 1963; "400 Hear Malcolm X Speak Here," MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, May 13, 1963, May 14, 1963, and May 23, 1963; "400 Hear Malcolm X Speak Here," Washington Post Washington Post, May 13, 1963; DeCaro, On the Side of My People On the Side of My People, p. 163; and Clegg, An Original Man An Original Man, p. 217.241 "better with whites than Negroes who are Christians." "better with whites than Negroes who are Christians." "Malcolm X Denies Muslims Preach Hate," "Malcolm X Denies Muslims Preach Hate," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, October 18, 1962; ""Rights Violated"-Muslims," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, October 20, 1962; and "Muslims Chained in N.Y. Courtroom," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, October 27, 1962.241 "cheating, stealing . . . all forms of vice." "cheating, stealing . . . all forms of vice." "Malcolm X in Court," "Malcolm X in Court," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, November 17, 1962.241 at the Lorton Reformatory, located in Virginia. at the Lorton Reformatory, located in Virginia. H. D. Quigg, "Debate Muslim Claim to Be Legitimate Religion," H. D. Quigg, "Debate Muslim Claim to Be Legitimate Religion," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, June 18, 1963.241 had conducted a service at Lorton back in May. had conducted a service at Lorton back in May. MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, June 3, 1963; and MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, August 6, 1963. MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, June 3, 1963; and MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, August 6, 1963.241 American Civil Liberties Union at once took up the issue. American Civil Liberties Union at once took up the issue. "D.C. Rejects Malcolm X Prayer Role," "D.C. Rejects Malcolm X Prayer Role," Washington Post Washington Post, June 29, 1963; and "Black Muslim Tension Eases," Washington Post Washington Post, August 1, 1963.241 Malcolm added, was "just another [prison] warden." Malcolm added, was "just another [prison] warden." Transcript of Kenneth Clark interview of Malcolm X, aired on WNDT-TV, New York City, and WGBH-TV, Boston, on June 4, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 11. Transcript of Kenneth Clark interview of Malcolm X, aired on WNDT-TV, New York City, and WGBH-TV, Boston, on June 4, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 11.242 "If you are caught, you will wish you were dead." "If you are caught, you will wish you were dead." FBI-Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, August 19, 1963. FBI-Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, August 19, 1963.243 fellow lieutenants, or other FOI "enforcers." fellow lieutenants, or other FOI "enforcers." Thomas 15X Johnson (also known as Khalil Islam) interview, September 29, 2004. Thomas 15X Johnson (also known as Khalil Islam) interview, September 29, 2004.243 "They didn"t deserve even to be killed." "They didn"t deserve even to be killed." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.243 "because that puts him in a bad position." "because that puts him in a bad position." Thomas 15X Johnson interview, September 29, 2004. Thomas 15X Johnson interview, September 29, 2004. 243 243 saying, "Brother, you"re just spiritual." saying, "Brother, you"re just spiritual." Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007. Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.243 own group of Fruit for that particular a.s.signment. own group of Fruit for that particular a.s.signment. Thomas 15X Johnson interview, September 29, 2004. Thomas 15X Johnson interview, September 29, 2004.244 "that"s unheard of, man, violating like that." "that"s unheard of, man, violating like that." Ibid. Ibid.244 "This was a law. It was untouchable." "This was a law. It was untouchable." Ibid. Ibid.245 ""Larry has lost his mind. He"s messing with them Muslims!"" ""Larry has lost his mind. He"s messing with them Muslims!"" Larry 4X Prescott (also known as Akbar Muhammad) interview, November 7, 2007. Larry 4X Prescott (also known as Akbar Muhammad) interview, November 7, 2007.245 "Georgia on it, he said, "Elijah answered our prayers. "Georgia on it, he said, "Elijah answered our prayers. Ibid., June 9, 2006. Ibid., June 9, 2006.245 Malcolm was the "boss of the bosses." Malcolm was the "boss of the bosses." Ibid. Ibid.246 "That was the signal: close out and bring him on." "That was the signal: close out and bring him on." Ibid., November 7, 2007. Ibid., November 7, 2007.246 millions of non-Islamic African Americans. millions of non-Islamic African Americans. Alex Haley, "Malcolm X Interview," Alex Haley, "Malcolm X Interview," Playboy Playboy, vol. 10, no. 5 (May 1963), pp. 53, 56-60, 62.246 strategy of integration that was doomed to failure. strategy of integration that was doomed to failure. Ibid., pp. 56-57. Ibid., pp. 56-57.247 "very much taken aback when "very much taken aback when Playboy Playboy kept its word." kept its word." Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography , p. 392. , p. 392.247 "and made me the man that I am today." "and made me the man that I am today." Ibid., pp. 393-94. Ibid., pp. 393-94.248 the completion of the biography. the completion of the biography. Alex Haley to Malcolm X, "Author/Collaborator Letter of Agreement," June 1, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6. Alex Haley to Malcolm X, "Author/Collaborator Letter of Agreement," June 1, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6.248 with projected total sales of twenty thousand. with projected total sales of twenty thousand. "Production Information," June 5, 1963, The Ken McCormick Collection of the Records of Doubleday and Company (KMC), Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, box 44, folder 9. "Production Information," June 5, 1963, The Ken McCormick Collection of the Records of Doubleday and Company (KMC), Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, box 44, folder 9.248 "the ma.n.u.script that you want in the ma.n.u.script." "the ma.n.u.script that you want in the ma.n.u.script." Haley, Author/ Collaborator Letter of Agreement." Haley, Author/ Collaborator Letter of Agreement."248 petty Negro bourgeoisie that he enjoyed ridiculing. petty Negro bourgeoisie that he enjoyed ridiculing. Malcolm X and Haley, Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography Autobiography, pp. 393-95.248 with "As told to Alex Haley." with "As told to Alex Haley." Alex Haley to Oliver Swan, August 5, 1963, Anne Romaine Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Tennessee (UTLSC), Knoxville, Tennessee, series I, box 3, folder 24. Alex Haley to Oliver Swan, August 5, 1963, Anne Romaine Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Tennessee (UTLSC), Knoxville, Tennessee, series I, box 3, folder 24.248 "when mine are almost a complete ant.i.thesis of his." "when mine are almost a complete ant.i.thesis of his." Ibid. Ibid.249 to fly to Chicago for an interview with Elijah Muhammad. to fly to Chicago for an interview with Elijah Muhammad. Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, September 5, 1963, ibid. Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, September 5, 1963, ibid.249 complete the entire work by the end of October 1963. complete the entire work by the end of October 1963. Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, September 22, 1963, ibid. Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, September 22, 1963, ibid.249 "such as we had, will be the most productive." "such as we had, will be the most productive." Alex Haley to Malcolm X, September 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6. Alex Haley to Malcolm X, September 25, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 6.249 as neat and attractive as that of her husband. as neat and attractive as that of her husband. Ann Geracimos, "Mrs. Malcolm X-Her Role as Wife," Ann Geracimos, "Mrs. Malcolm X-Her Role as Wife," New York Herald Tribune New York Herald Tribune, June 30, 1963. Although the article was theoretically about Betty, Malcolm peppered the interview with attacks on "Western civilization," which had "destroyed women"s femininity. . . . It is oriented to make a woman what she is not. Western society has lost touch with home and family."249 "no two people should stay together who can"t get along." "no two people should stay together who can"t get along." Ibid. Ibid.250 climaxing with two days of public activities. climaxing with two days of public activities. D"Emilio, D"Emilio, Lost Prophet Lost Prophet, p. 328.250 "unemployment, especially as it related to minority groups." "unemployment, especially as it related to minority groups." "Preamble to the March on Washington," Carbada and Weise, eds., "Preamble to the March on Washington," Carbada and Weise, eds., Time on Two Crosses Time on Two Crosses, pp. 1 12-15.250 John Lewis, its national chair, to represent the organization. John Lewis, its national chair, to represent the organization. D"Emilio, D"Emilio, Lost Prophet Lost Prophet, pp. 340-42, 355.250 was persuaded to support the Washington march. was persuaded to support the Washington march. David J. Garrow, David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Vintage, 1986), pp. 265, 268. (New York: Vintage, 1986), pp. 265, 268.250 Kennedy administration to offer its endors.e.m.e.nt. Kennedy administration to offer its endors.e.m.e.nt. D"Emilio, D"Emilio, Lost Prophet Lost Prophet, pp. 344-45; and Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 102-3.250 in Harlem-on West 130th Street. in Harlem-on West 130th Street. D"Emilio, D"Emilio, Lost Prophet Lost Prophet, p. 340.251 Martin Luther King, Jr., and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Mosque No. 7 Press Releases for June 29, 1963, Harlem Rally, MXC-S, box 5, folder 17. Mosque No. 7 Press Releases for June 29, 1963, Harlem Rally, MXC-S, box 5, folder 17. 251 251 made it impossible for him to address the rally. made it impossible for him to address the rally. Telegram, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., to Malcolm X, June 28, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 11. Telegram, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., to Malcolm X, June 28, 1963, MXC-S, box 3, folder 11.251 dispatched to the rooftops to observe both crowd and cops. dispatched to the rooftops to observe both crowd and cops. Thomas P. Ronan, "Malcolm X Tells Rally in Harlem Kennedy Fails to Help Negroes," Thomas P. Ronan, "Malcolm X Tells Rally in Harlem Kennedy Fails to Help Negroes," New York Times New York Times, June 30, 1963; "Romney Bobs Up and Leads Rights Parade," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, June 30, 1963; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964; and FBI-Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, December 13, 1964.251 "a comprehensive united front of African Americans." "Muhammad Son Calls for Unity," "Muhammad Son Calls for Unity," Muhammad Speaks Muhammad Speaks, July 20, 1963; "Muhammad"s Son at Rally Sat.u.r.day," Amsterdam News Amsterdam News, July 13, 1963; and NOI Mosque No. 7 Press Release, "Elijah Muhammad"s Son to Speak in Harlem at Outdoor Rally," MXC-S, box 5, folder 17.251 "ready to help us win our freedom." "ready to help us win our freedom." Lomax, Lomax, When the Word Is Given When the Word Is Given, pp. 84-87.252 ""Islamic and more political in the days just ahead." ""Islamic and more political in the days just ahead." Ibid., pp. 87-91. Writing in late 1963, Lomax was convinced that Akbar Muhammad, or "almost certainly" another son of Elijah Muhammad, would inherit the leadership of the NOI; Malcolm X would never lead the Nation, Lomax believed: "I see Malcolm, then, not as the maximum leader, but as prime minister and behind-the-scenes policy maker." Ibid., pp. 87-91. Writing in late 1963, Lomax was convinced that Akbar Muhammad, or "almost certainly" another son of Elijah Muhammad, would inherit the leadership of the NOI; Malcolm X would never lead the Nation, Lomax believed: "I see Malcolm, then, not as the maximum leader, but as prime minister and behind-the-scenes policy maker."252 "this message that I have been a.s.signed to." "this message that I have been a.s.signed to." "Islamic Exports Plan to Microscope Muslims," "Islamic Exports Plan to Microscope Muslims," Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, July 15, 1963.253 "these policemen put us into those paddy wagons." "these policemen put us into those paddy wagons." "Police Haul Off 300 Pickets in Racial Protest," "Police Haul Off 300 Pickets in Racial Protest," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1963.253 "the New York police is that this is 1963." "the New York police is that this is 1963." Homer Bigart, "Building Trades Accused of Snub by Racial Groups," Homer Bigart, "Building Trades Accused of Snub by Racial Groups," New York Times New York Times, August 6, 1963.253 that brought out more than three hundred people. that brought out more than three hundred people. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 15, 1963, pp. 5, 6, 7, and 12; FBI-Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964; and FBI-Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, February 13, 1964. MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November