"Yours very faithfully, "J. AUSTEN."
About the same time the following letters pa.s.sed between the Countess of Morley and the writer of "Emma." I do not know whether they were personally acquainted with each other, nor in what this interchange of civilities originated:--
_The Countess of Morley to Miss J. Austen_.
"Saltram, December 27 (1815).
"MADAM,--I have been most anxiously waiting for an introduction to "Emma," and am infinitely obliged to you for your kind recollection of me, which will procure me the pleasure of her acquaintance some days sooner than I should otherwise have had it. I am already become intimate with the Woodhouse family, and feel that they will not amuse and interest me less than the Bennetts, Bertrams, Norrises, and all their admirable predecessors. I can give them no higher praise.
"I am, Madam, your much obliged "F. MORLEY."
_Miss J. Austen to the Countess of Morley_.
"MADAM,--Accept my thanks for the honour of your note, and for your kind disposition in favour of "Emma." In my present state of doubt as to her reception in the world, it is particularly gratifying to me to receive so early an a.s.surance of your Ladyship"s approbation. It encourages me to depend on the same share of general good opinion which "Emma"s" predecessors have experienced, and to believe that I have not yet, as almost every writer of fancy does sooner or later, overwritten myself.
"I am, Madam,
"Your obliged and faithful Servt.
"J. AUSTEN."
"December 31, 1815."
CHAPTER VIII.
_Slow growth of her fame--Ill success of first attempts at publication--Two Reviews of her works contrasted_.
Seldom has any literary reputation been of such slow growth as that of Jane Austen. Readers of the present day know the rank that is generally a.s.signed to her. They have been told by Archbishop Whately, in his review of her works, and by Lord Macaulay, in his review of Madame D"Arblay"s, the reason why the highest place is to be awarded to Jane Austen, as a truthful drawer of character, and why she is to be cla.s.sed with those who have approached nearest, in that respect, to the great master Shakspeare. They see her safely placed, by such authorities, in her niche, not indeed amongst the highest orders of genius, but in one confessedly her own, in our British temple of literary fame; and it may be difficult to make them believe how coldly her works were at first received, and how few readers had any appreciation of their peculiar merits. Sometimes a friend or neighbour, who chanced to know of our connection with the author, would condescend to speak with moderate approbation of "Sense and Sensibility," or "Pride and Prejudice"; but if they had known that we, in our secret thoughts, cla.s.sed her with Madame D"Arblay or Miss Edgeworth, or even with some other novel writers of the day whose names are now scarcely remembered, they would have considered it an amusing instance of family conceit. To the mult.i.tude her works appeared tame and commonplace, {136a} poor in colouring, and sadly deficient in incident and interest. It is true that we were sometimes cheered by hearing that a different verdict had been p.r.o.nounced by more competent judges: we were told how some great statesman or distinguished poet held these works in high estimation; we had the satisfaction of believing that they were most admired by the best judges, and comforted ourselves with Horace"s "satis est Equitem mihi plaudere." So much was this the case, that one of the ablest men of my acquaintance {136b} said, in that kind of jest which has much earnest in it, that he had established it in his own mind, as a new test of ability, whether people _could_ or _could not_ appreciate Miss Austen"s merits.
But though such golden opinions were now and then gathered in, yet the wide field of public taste yielded no adequate return either in praise or profit. Her reward was not to be the quick return of the cornfield, but the slow growth of the tree which is to endure to another generation. Her first attempts at publication were very discouraging. In November, 1797, her father wrote the following letter to Mr. Cadell:--
"Sir,--I have in my possession a ma.n.u.script novel, comprising 3 vols., about the length of Miss Burney"s "Evelina." As I am well aware of what consequence it is that a work of this sort shd make its first appearance under a respectable name, I apply to you. I shall be much obliged therefore if you will inform me whether you choose to be concerned in it, what will be the expense of publishing it at the author"s risk, and what you will venture to advance for the property of it, if on perusal it is approved of. Should you give any encouragement, I will send you the work.
"I am, Sir, your humble Servant, "GEORGE AUSTEN."
"Steventon, near Overton, Hants, "1st Nov. 1797."
This proposal was declined by return of post! The work thus summarily rejected must have been "Pride and Prejudice."
The fate of "Northanger Abbey" was still more humiliating. It was sold, in 1803, to a publisher in Bath, for ten pounds, but it found so little favour in his eyes, that he chose to abide by his first loss rather than risk farther expense by publishing such a work. It seems to have lain for many years unnoticed in his drawers; somewhat as the first chapters of "Waverley" lurked forgotten amongst the old fishing-tackle in Scott"s cabinet. Tilneys, Thorpes, and Morlands consigned apparently to eternal oblivion! But when four novels of steadily increasing success had given the writer some confidence in herself, she wished to recover the copyright of this early work. One of her brothers undertook the negotiation. He found the purchaser very willing to receive back his money, and to resign all claim to the copyright. When the bargain was concluded and the money paid, but not till then, the negotiator had the satisfaction of informing him that the work which had been so lightly esteemed was by the author of "Pride and Prejudice." I do not think that she was herself much mortified by the want of early success. She wrote for her own amus.e.m.e.nt. Money, though acceptable, was not necessary for the moderate expenses of her quiet home. Above all, she was blessed with a cheerful contented disposition, and an humble mind; and so lowly did she esteem her own claims, that when she received 150_l_. from the sale of "Sense and Sensibility," she considered it a prodigious recompense for that which had cost her nothing. It cannot be supposed, however, that she was altogether insensible to the superiority of her own workmanship over that of some contemporaries who were then enjoying a brief popularity. Indeed a few touches in the following extracts from two of her letters show that she was as quicksighted to absurdities in composition as to those in living persons.
"Mr. C."s opinion is gone down in my list; but as my paper relates only to "Mansfield Park," I may fortunately excuse myself from entering Mr. D"s. I will redeem my credit with him by writing a close imitation of "Self-Control," as soon as I can. I will improve upon it. My heroine shall not only be wafted down an American river in a boat by herself. She shall cross the Atlantic in the same way; and never stop till she reaches Gravesend."
"We have got "Rosanne" in our Society, and find it much as you describe it; very good and clever, but tedious. Mrs. Hawkins" great excellence is on serious subjects. There are some very delightful conversations and reflections on religion: but on lighter topics I think she falls into many absurdities; and, as to love, her heroine has very comical feelings. There are a thousand improbabilities in the story. Do you remember the two Miss Ormsdens introduced just at last? Very flat and unnatural. Madelle. Cossart is rather my pa.s.sion."
Two notices of her works appeared in the "Quarterly Review." One in October 1815, and another, more than three years after her death, in January 1821. The latter article is known to have been from the pen of Whately, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin. {140} They differ much from each other in the degree of praise which they award, and I think also it may be said, in the ability with which they are written. The first bestows some approval, but the other expresses the warmest admiration.
One can scarcely be satisfied with the critical ac.u.men of the former writer, who, in treating of "Sense and Sensibility," takes no notice whatever of the vigour with which many of the characters are drawn, but declares that "the interest and _merit_ of the piece depends _altogether_ upon the behaviour of the elder sister!" Nor is he fair when, in "Pride and Prejudice," he represents Elizabeth"s change of sentiments towards Darcy as caused by the sight of his house and grounds. But the chief discrepancy between the two reviewers is to be found in their appreciation of the commonplace and silly characters to be found in these novels. On this point the difference almost amounts to a contradiction, such as one sometimes sees drawn up in parallel columns, when it is desired to convict some writer or some statesman of inconsistency. The Reviewer, in 1815, says: "The faults of these works arise from the minute detail which the author"s plan comprehends. Characters of folly or simplicity, such as those of old Woodhouse and Miss Bates, are ridiculous when first presented, but if too often brought forward, or too long dwelt on, their prosing is apt to become as tiresome in fiction as in real society." The Reviewer, in 1821, on the contrary, singles out the fools as especial instances of the writer"s abilities, and declares that in this respect she shows a regard to character hardly exceeded by Shakspeare himself. These are his words: "Like him (Shakspeare) she shows as admirable a discrimination in the character of fools as of people of sense; a merit which is far from common. To invent indeed a conversation full of wisdom or of wit requires that the writer should himself possess ability; but the converse does not hold good, it is no fool that can describe fools well; and many who have succeeded pretty well in painting superior characters have failed in giving individuality to those weaker ones which it is necessary to introduce in order to give a faithful representation of real life: they exhibit to us mere folly in the abstract, forgetting that to the eye of the skilful naturalist the insects on a leaf present as wide differences as exist between the lion and the elephant. Slender, and Shallow, and Aguecheek, as Shakspeare has painted them, though equally fools, resemble one another no more than Richard, and Macbeth, and Julius Caesar; and Miss Austen"s {142} Mrs.
Bennet, Mr. Rushworth, and Miss Bates are no more alike than her Darcy, Knightley, and Edmund Bertram. Some have complained indeed of finding her fools too much like nature, and consequently tiresome. There is no disputing about tastes; all we can say is, that such critics must (whatever deference they may outwardly pay to received opinions) find the "Merry Wives of Windsor" and "Twelfth Night" very tiresome; and that those who look with pleasure at Wilkie"s pictures, or those of the Dutch school, must admit that excellence of imitation may confer attraction on that which would be insipid or disagreeable in the reality. Her minuteness of detail has also been found fault with; but even where it produces, at the time, a degree of tediousness, we know not whether that can justly be reckoned a blemish, which is absolutely essential to a very high excellence. Now it is absolutely impossible, without this, to produce that thorough acquaintance with the characters which is necessary to make the reader heartily interested in them. Let any one cut out from the "Iliad" or from Shakspeare"s plays everything (we are far from saying that either might not lose some parts with advantage, but let him reject everything) which is absolutely devoid of importance and interest _in_ _itself_; and he will find that what is left will have lost more than half its charms. We are convinced that some writers have diminished the effect of their works by being scrupulous to admit nothing into them which had not some absolute and independent merit. They have acted like those who strip off the leaves of a fruit tree, as being of themselves good for nothing, with the view of securing more nourishment to the fruit, which in fact cannot attain its full maturity and flavour without them."
The world, I think, has endorsed the opinion of the later writer; but it would not be fair to set down the discrepancy between the two entirely to the discredit of the former. The fact is that, in the course of the intervening five years, these works had been read and reread by many leaders in the literary world. The public taste was forming itself all this time, and "grew by what it fed on." These novels belong to a cla.s.s which gain rather than lose by frequent perusals, and it is probable that each Reviewer represented fairly enough the prevailing opinions of readers in the year when each wrote.
Since that time, the testimonies in favour of Jane Austen"s works have been continual and almost unanimous. They are frequently referred to as models; nor have they lost their first distinction of being especially acceptable to minds of the highest order. I shall indulge myself by collecting into the next chapter instances of the homage paid to her by such persons.
CHAPTER IX.
_Opinions expressed by eminent persons--Opinions of others of less eminence--Opinion of American readers_.
Into this list of the admirers of my Aunt"s works, I admit those only whose eminence will be universally acknowledged. No doubt the number might have been increased.
Southey, in a letter to Sir Egerton Brydges, says: "You mention Miss Austen. Her novels are more true to nature, and have, for my sympathies, pa.s.sages of finer feeling than any others of this age. She was a person of whom I have heard so well and think so highly, that I regret not having had an opportunity of testifying to her the respect which I felt for her."
It may be observed that Southey had probably heard from his own family connections of the charm of her private character. A friend of hers, the daughter of Mr. Bigge Wither, of Manydown Park near Basingstoke, was married to Southey"s uncle, the Rev. Herbert Hill, who had been useful to his nephew in many ways, and especially in supplying him with the means of attaining his extensive knowledge of Spanish and Portuguese literature. Mr. Hill had been Chaplain to the British Factory at Lisbon, where Southey visited him and had the use of a library in those languages which his uncle had collected. Southey himself continually mentions his uncle Hill in terms of respect and grat.i.tude.
S. T. Coleridge would sometimes burst out into high encomiums of Miss Austen"s novels as being, "in their way, perfectly genuine and individual productions."
I remember Miss Mitford"s saying to me: "I would almost cut off one of my hands, if it would enable me to write like your aunt with the other."
The biographer of Sir J. Mackintosh says: "Something recalled to his mind the traits of character which are so delicately touched in Miss Austen"s novels . . . He said that there was genius in sketching out that new kind of novel . . . He was vexed for the credit of the "Edinburgh Review" that it had left her unnoticed .{145} . . The "Quarterly" had done her more justice . . . It was impossible for a foreigner to understand fully the merit of her works. Madame de Stael, to whom he had recommended one of her novels, found no interest in it; and in her note to him in reply said it was "vulgaire": and yet, he said, nothing could be more true than what he wrote in answer: "There is no book which that word would so little suit." . . . Every village could furnish matter for a novel to Miss Austen. She did not need the common materials for a novel, strong emotions, or strong incidents." {146}
It was not, however, quite impossible for a foreigner to appreciate these works; for Mons. Guizot writes thus: "I am a great novel reader, but I seldom read German or French novels. The characters are too artificial.
My delight is to read English novels, particularly those written by women. "C"est toute une ecole de morale." Miss Austen, Miss Ferrier, &c., form a school which in the excellence and profusion of its productions resembles the cloud of dramatic poets of the great Athenian age."
In the "Keepsake" of 1825 the following lines appeared, written by Lord Morpeth, afterwards seventh Earl of Carlisle, and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, accompanying an ill.u.s.tration of a lady reading a novel.
Beats thy quick pulse o"er Inchbald"s thrilling leaf, Brunton"s high moral, Opie"s deep wrought grief?
Has the mild chaperon claimed thy yielding heart, Carroll"s dark page, Trevelyan"s gentle art?
Or is it thou, all perfect Austen? Here Let one poor wreath adorn thy early bier, That scarce allowed thy modest youth to claim Its living portion of thy certain fame!
Oh! Mrs. Bennet! Mrs. Norris too!
While memory survives we"ll dream of you.
And Mr. Woodhouse, whose abstemious lip Must thin, but not too thin, his gruel sip.
Miss Bates, our idol, though the village bore; And Mrs. Elton, ardent to explore.
While the clear style flows on without pretence, With unstained purity, and unmatched sense: Or, if a sister e"er approached the throne, She called the rich "inheritance" her own.
The admiration felt by Lord Macaulay would probably have taken a very practical form, if his life had been prolonged. I have the authority of his sister, Lady Trevelyan, for stating that he had intended to undertake the task upon which I have ventured. He purposed to write a memoir of Miss Austen, with criticisms on her works, to prefix it to a new edition of her novels, and from the proceeds of the sale to erect a monument to her memory in Winchester Cathedral. Oh! that such an idea had been realised! That portion of the plan in which Lord Macaulay"s success would have been most certain might have been almost sufficient for his object. A memoir written by him would have been a monument.
I am kindly permitted by Sir Henry Holland to give the following quotation from his printed but unpublished recollections of his past life:--
"I have the picture still before me of Lord Holland lying on his bed, when attacked with gout, his admirable sister, Miss Fox, beside him reading aloud, as she always did on these occasions, some one of Miss Austen"s novels, of which he was never wearied. I well recollect the time when these charming novels, almost unique in their style of humour, burst suddenly on the world. It was sad that their writer did not live to witness the growth of her fame."
My brother-in-law, Sir Denis Le Marchant, has supplied me with the following anecdotes from his own recollections:--
"When I was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge, Mr. Whewell, then a Fellow and afterwards Master of the College, often spoke to me with admiration of Miss Austen"s novels. On one occasion I said that I had found "Persuasion" rather dull. He quite fired up in defence of it, insisting that it was the most beautiful of her works. This accomplished philosopher was deeply versed in works of fiction. I recollect his writing to me from Caernarvon, where he had the charge of some pupils, that he was weary of _his_ stay, for he had read the circulating library twice through.