62 _Rutland Gate, January 21st_.--I think Home Rule, as an English party cry, has received a death blow, and cannot be used to bring a party into power. But Ireland remains open, an eternal field of agitation, and the Irishmen are still in the House of Commons. Perhaps the want of funds may embarra.s.s them. I have not seen the "New Review," but there is a vast deal of lawlessness and wild speculation in the air, injurious to the first conditions of social life, and I confess I have no unbounded confidence in the boasted good sense of the English people; they are very ignorant and very selfish. No one tells them so many sensible home truths as yourself.
As for the strikes, the strikers are the greatest sufferers.
I have published a remarkable article on the fiscal system of the United States--by an American--which I hope you will read. My contributor thinks there are great difficulties ahead in America, and Mr. Blaine"s bl.u.s.ter is an attempt to direct public attention into another channel.
I have been laid up for some days with a cold and gout, but have been out to-day and am better. I never remember so terrible a winter; but we hope it is pa.s.sing away, though it is still freezing here.
_Foxholes, May 12th_.--I was sorry to leave London without seeing you and Lady Derby again; but the Fates were against me: you were laid up with cold, and I have been troubled for some weeks with sciatica, which impedes my movements. I hope you have shaken off your attack and will get out of town. The atmosphere of London seems to be in a very noxious state, and I don"t know that the atmosphere of the House of Commons is much better. A committee of the whole House strikes an outsider as the clumsiest machine for legislation that was ever invented.
An unlimited power of moving amendments brings us to the same results as the Polish Veto.
I hope to come up to the dinners of The Club on June 2nd and 16th. On the latter day the Duc d"Aumale will dine with us, so I trust you will keep it free.
_From Lord Derby_
_May 13th_.--You are quite right about the House of Commons. They will pa.s.s the Land Bill, I suppose, but scarcely anything else. Most of the obstruction is unintended; loquacity, vanity, and fear of const.i.tuents do more mischief than faction. I am not sure that it is an unmixed evil that the legislative coach should be compelled to drive slowly.
For Reeve the princ.i.p.al social event of the year, or rather the one most out of ordinary course, was the conferring an honorary degree on the Duc d"Aumale by the University of Oxford. Of the preliminary step no record remains, but it would seem that at a very early stage Reeve was requested to sound the Duke, who wrote on November 30th, 1890, that he should feel greatly honoured if the University of Oxford should confer on him the degree of D.C.L.--"si pauvre legiste que je sois." On this Reeve wrote to Dr. Liddell, then Dean of Christ Church, [Footnote: After having held this office for thirty-six years, Dr. Liddell retired in 1891, and died at the age of 87, on January 18th, 1898.] who replied on December 2nd:--
Dear Mr. Reeve,--I shall be proud to propose H.R.H."s (the Duc d"Aumale"s) name for an Honorary Degree at the next Encaenia. This will not be till June 17th, 1891. I hope his R.H. will be my guest on the occasion.
Meantime, it is our rule that no mention should be made of the name to be proposed. Yours very truly,
H. G. LIDDELL.
Other correspondence about this there was, and on February 25th, 1891, Dr.
Liddell again wrote:--
The arrangements you suggest for the Duc d"Aumale will suit very well. Of course it is running it rather fine to arrive at 11.13; but we will see about this as the time approaches. Meantime I must ask you and the Duke"s friends not to say anything about the matter at present. I shall have to give notice to our Council in May. A fortnight after, his name will be submitted to ballot; and though there can be no reasonable doubt that H.R.H."s name will be received with acclamation, they make a great point of secrecy till the ballot takes place.
Perhaps about the beginning of May you will be so good as to send me a complete statement of H.R.H."s claims to an Honorary Degree. I know much about them, but should be glad to be fully equipped.
_From the Duc d"Aumale_
_Chantilly_, 9 _juin_.--Bon! tres cher ami, nous irons, s"il plait a Dieu, ensemble a Oxford, le 17, par 9.55 en cravate blanche. Je compte arriver le 14 au soir a Claridge"s, ou je serai present le lundi, 15, de 10 a midi, et de 6 a 7; le mardi, 16, de 10 a midi. Si vous pouvez venir m"y voir, je serai tres heureux, car j"ai encore besoin de quelques renseignements complimentaires.
Vous m"avez offert l"hospitalite du Dean, et je lui ai ecrit que je l"acceptais. Mais en quoi consiste cette hospitalite? Simple luncheon suivi d"un depart, ou diner et coucher au doyenne? Je ne voudrais pas manquer de courtoisie; but above all I would not intrude--et je suis _tres dispose_ a me retirer de tres bonne heure. Seulement j"aimerais a etre fixe pour prendre tous mes arrangements.
The Journal simply notes that on June 16th the Duc d"Aumale dined at The Club; and on the 17th "with Duc d"Aumale to Oxford, where he was made D.C.L. Lunch at All Souls; very pleasant day." Reeve left early and returned at once to Foxholes.
_From the Duc d"Aumale_
_Chantilly_, 1er _juillet_.--Apres votre depart de Christ Church [Oxford]
le 17 nous avons eu le ou la "Gaudy." Ainsi que vous l"aviez prevu, j"ai du dire quelques mots a peine prepares. Comme il n"y avait pas de _reporter_, et que je n"avais aucune note, et comme l"auditoire, y compris nos Seigneurs les eveques, avait accueilli mon _speech_ avec bienveillance, je l"ai note sur le papier--comme disent les musiciens--avant de me coucher.
Vous avez ete presque mon parrain a Oxford, je vous en dois bien la copie.
C"est, en tous cas, un temoignage de ma fidele amitie.
The speech which follows, although delivered under circ.u.mstances which necessitated a complimentary tone, is a more than usually graceful tribute to our old Universities, and the introduction of the little a.n.a.logue is singularly happy. The Duke, whose letters to Reeve are all in French, wrote this _verbatim_ as here given, in correct English, perfectly well spelt.
Mr. Dean, my Lords and Gentlemen,--Let me first express how highly I prize the honour which has been conferred upon me to-day, and how glad I am to be so connected with your ill.u.s.trious University. I have always admired the University of Oxford. I have more than once visited this town, when I received a princely hospitality in the n.o.ble baronial halls of this neighbourhood--Nuneham, Blenheim--or when I was quietly living on the banks of the Avon. Often I brought here my French friends, and I tried to explain the peculiarities, the complicated machinery of this ill.u.s.trious corporation; to show how, remaining faithful to the traditions, preserving your old customs, you did not remain deaf to what might be said without, nor blind to the movement of the world; how, slowly perhaps, but prudently, step by step, you managed to bring the necessary changes, the wanted modifications, so as to keep pace with the times without breaking with the past.
"Mais c"est le couteau de Jeannot que cette Universite," said one of my interlocutors. Well, I will give you the tale of Jeannot"s knife.
There was once a young peasant called Jeannot, and he had a knife of which he took great care. He found that the blade was rusting and he changed the blade. Then he found that the handle was decaying from dry-rot, and he changed the handle; and so on. His friends laughed at him, and would not take the same care of their knives, which they lost--one breaking the blade, another the handle. But Jeannot, having always kept his knife in good order, could always make use of it, cleverly and powerfully.
Well, I think there is some a.n.a.logy between the tale of this humble man and the history of your great University. It seems to me I see the huge frame of a large fabric which has stood for centuries glorious and proud. The stones are changed, the bricks, the mortar, or the roof are renewed; and the fabric still stands through the ages, through the storms, glorious and proud. And I hope it will so remain and stand everlasting, with its old frame and the new materials; and I wish glory and prosperity to the University of Oxford.
To all who have thought of my name and conferred upon me the honour I have just received, and to those who have given me such a kindly reception, I send my best thanks, and I wish prosperity and success.
At this time, and indeed ever since his retirement from the Council Office, Reeve"s chief work was in connexion with the "Review;" but he also did a very great deal as literary adviser of the Longmans. He had indeed, to some extent, acted in this capacity ever since he undertook the conduct of the "Review;" the two offices fitted into and were supplementary to each other; and it will be remembered that in 1875 [Footnote: See _ante_, p. 243.]
he had contemplated retiring from the public service, with the view of undertaking the main responsibility of this work for the firm.
Circ.u.mstances had delayed his retirement; but by an arrangement with the firm in 1878, which continued in force during the rest of his life, the number of works he examined and reported on was considerably increased, and must have been very large. Books in French, German, or Italian offered for translation, MSS. in English offered for publication--whatever there was of grave, serious, or important, as well as a good deal that was not, was sent to him for a first or a revised opinion. And this opinion was given very frankly, and most commonly in the fewest possible words: "My advice is that you have nothing to do with it" was a not unfrequent formula. Another, less frequent, was, "He--the aspirant to literary fame and emolument--can neither write nor spell English;" "I wish they wouldn"t send their trash to me" was an occasional prayer; "Seems to me sheer nonsense;"--"What a waste of time and labour!"--"It is very provoking that people should attempt to write books who cannot write English," were occasional reports. Of course many of his judgements were very different: "A work of great interest which must have a large sale;" "Secure this if you possibly can;" "A most able work, but will scarcely command a remunerative sale;" "Not worth translating, but send me a copy for the "Review,"" are some of his more favourable verdicts. But in all cases the judgements were sharp and decisive; there was about them nothing of the celebrated "This work might be very good if it was not extremely bad," or its converse. These reports were, of course, in the highest degree confidential; and, especially of the unfavourable ones, Reeve made a point of forgetting all about the origin of them. On one occasion, when a reference was made to a work he had reported on a few weeks before, he wrote in reply, "The numerous MSS. &c. sent for an opinion leave no trace on my memory."
As it was with printed books and larger MSS., so it was with articles submitted for the "Review;" but he did not encourage casual contributions, and seldom--perhaps never--accepted any without some previous understanding. The political articles and the reviews of important books were almost invariably written in response to a direct invitation; but whether the articles sent in were invited or offered, he equally reserved the right to express his approval or disapproval or disagreement, and to insist, if necessary, on the article being remodelled or withdrawn. Such an insistence is more than once noticed in his correspondence, quite irrespective of the high reputation of the author. Probably every one whose contributions have been at all numerous has had an opportunity of noticing how perfectly candid and yet how courteous his remarks always were. If an article pleased him, he said so in terms that from anyone else might have seemed extravagant. Many letters of this type might be given; one must suffice, written to a valued contributor, dead, unfortunately, many years ago--Colonel Charles Cornwallis Chesney:--
_C. O., February 26th, 1873_.--I received the proofs of your article on Lee last night, and therefore I conclude that you have received them also. I don"t exaggerate the least when I say that the article strikes me as a _chef d"oeuvre_ of military biography. You have drawn a most heroic character with peculiar grace and fervour, and the account of the military operations is singularly clear and interesting. It only strikes me that you have repeated the comparison with Hannibal rather too often.
Pray be so good as to return the proofs to _me_ as soon as you can, that I may have the article made up and printed off. I feel infinitely obliged to you for it.
The value of such praise was heightened, its apparent extravagance done away with, by the knowledge that dissatisfaction would be expressed in language equally unmistakable, and that either by the contributor or the editor the modifications which seemed to him desirable would be made. It was partly because he reserved to himself this power and accepted all the responsibility, that he insisted so strenuously on the anonymous character of the articles. But more even than that was his abhorrence of anything like "log-rolling," which, in his opinion, was inseparable from signed reviews. To the very last he discouraged, and indeed openly expressed his disapproval and dislike of the presumably inspired announcements of authors" names in the "Athenaeum" or other journals. Here is an extract from a letter dated October 6th, 1891, which ill.u.s.trates this objection:-- "The only objection I have to the republication of articles with the name of the writer is that it destroys their anonymous character, which ought especially to be retained when they contain criticism of contemporaries."
So careful was he lest anything might warp the perfect fairness of criticism, which should "nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice."
I, who write these lines, can say positively, after having written for the "Review" under Reeve for upwards of twenty years, that in all that time I never received a hint or suggestion that any book should be dealt with otherwise than on its merits; and whilst engaged on this present work I have learned, for the first time, that men whose books I have reviewed, not always favourably, were personal friends of the editor. The following letter, addressed to Mr. T. N. Longman, is merely a concrete ill.u.s.tration of this:--
_December 26th_, 1891.--I thought it best to tell Froude frankly that the review of his book [Footnote: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon," in the _Review_ of January 1892.] in the "Edinburgh" would be an unfavourable one.
At the same time I disclaimed in the strongest language any disposition to make a personal attack on himself. Unfortunately he seems to ascribe adverse criticism of his works to personal animosity, which, in his case, is entirely wanting.
It is a painful necessity. Froude and his book are too important to be pa.s.sed over in silence. But the judicial character and consistency, and I may say honour, of the "Review" absolutely require that the truth should be told about the book. I should consider it a derogation to my duty to the "Review" if, from personal motives or affection, I suppressed an adverse criticism of a work which imperatively demands an answer. The independence of the "Review" requires an independent judgement; but I expressly stipulated with the writer of the article that he should abstain from _bitterness_, which was carried too far in Goldwin Smith"s article on the same subject in 1858. The "Review" is pledged to the views already expressed on that occasion.
I have therefore modified as far as possible any expressions which appeared to be of too censorious a character; but it is impossible to avoid condemning a mistaken book because the author is a personal friend. _Judex d.a.m.natur si nocens absolvitur_ is our motto.
Froude does not like Mr. Gardiner"s book. He says, "It"s a menagerie of tame beasts." I think very highly of the book; and as we differ, I have yielded to his wish to be released from the engagement.
n.o.body can regret more than I do any differences between old friends; but my duty is to look solely to the consistency and integrity of the "Review,"
without which criticism is worthless; and this consideration leaves me no other course.
Another point, of a similar nature, I can ill.u.s.trate by my own experience.
I had undertaken, at Reeve"s request, to review a rather important historical work published by Longmans, but on reading it was so unfavourably impressed by it that I wrote to say that the best thing I could do would be to return the volumes; that the book was bad, and if I reviewed it I must say so; but that doing this in the publisher"s own Review would have a certain resemblance to seething a kid in its mother"s milk, and might probably be objected to. "Not a bit of it," was the sense of the reply I received by return of post: "a bad book may be the text for an interesting article, and we have nothing to do with who published it."
So I expressed my opinion of the book in very plain terms; the review was printed exactly as I wrote it, and the editor thanked me warmly for what he was pleased to speak of as an "excellent article." It may, perhaps, be a.s.sumed that this was not an isolated case; but written evidence of any others is not before me.
After returning from Oxford, Reeve spent the rest of the year at Foxholes, He had intended going to London and possibly to Scotland in October, but an accidental stumble in his library over a heavy despatch box made a nasty wound on the left shin, which took many weeks in healing and prevented his travelling till the middle of December. On the 19th he went to town, where, with the exception of some short visits to Bath or to Foxholes, he remained till June, dining several times at The Club, entertaining at home in his customary manner, and keeping up a constant--almost daily--correspondence, such as has been indicated, with the Longmans, for the most part with the head of the firm, whom he had known from childhood and habitually addressed by his Christian name.
As he returned to Foxholes the country was in the throes of a general election. Tired, it would seem, of steady and consistent government, it longed for a change--anything for a change; and so opened the door for an administration whose almost avowed object was to play skittles with the Const.i.tution--to bowl down the Union, the Established Church, the House of Lords, the rights of property, and any other little trifles that were sacred to law and religion. It was with deep regret that Reeve watched the overthrow of what he considered the true Liberal party, and he wrote to Mr.
T. Norton Longman:--
_Foxholes_, _July 14th_--The results of the elections are far worse than could be expected. Some of them are very odd. I have to deplore the defeat of many of my friends. I suppose the Queen will have to make up her mind to a ministry composed of men she abhors; but the majority will have in it inherent weakness and the seeds of dissolution.
I have found it difficult to say anything about the elections and have been as short as possible.
From a somewhat different point of view, he wrote a few days later to Lord Derby:--
_Foxholes, July 22nd._--I have, of course, been watching with great interest the progress of the elections, and I am happy to say that Hampshire, like all the southern counties, comes out with a clean Unionist bill. If the ultimate majority was to be small, is it not better to be in opposition than in power? Mr. Gladstone"s position, as the man responsible for the conduct of affairs, is much less desirable than that of Lord Salisbury, for he has the better half of the country dead against him. How curious it is to trace on the map in the "Times" the old traditions of Saxon, Celtic, Mercian, and Danish origin in the counties of England, Ireland, and Wales! Are the Celts to govern the Saxons?