Mr. Sheridan was much blamed for the unseasonable stimulant which, it was thought, his speech on this occasion had administered to the temper of Burke; nor can it be doubted that he had thereby, in some degree, accelerated the public burst of that feeling which had so long been treasured up against himself But, whether hastened or delayed, such a breach was ultimately inevitable; the divergence of the parties once begun, it was in vain to think of restoring their parallelism. That some of their friends, however, had more sanguine hopes appears from an effort which was made, within two days after the occurrence of this remarkable scene, to effect a reconciliation between Burke and Sheridan. The interview that took place on that occasion is thus described by Mr.
Dennis...o...b..ien, one of the persons chiefly instrumental in the arrangements for it:--
"It appeared to the author of this pamphlet [Footnote: Ent.i.tled "Utrum Horum."] that the difference between these two great men would be a great evil to the country and to their own party. Full of this persuasion he brought them both together the second night after the original contest in the House of Commons; and carried them to Burlington House to Mr. Fox and the Duke of Portland, according to a previous arrangement. This interview, which can never be forgotten by those who were present, lasted from ten o"clock at night until three in the morning, and afforded a very remarkable display of the extraordinary talents of the parties."
It will easily be believed that to the success of this conciliatory effort the temper on one side would be a greater obstacle than even the hate on both. Mr. Sheridan, as if anxious to repel from himself the suspicion of having contributed to its failure, took an opportunity, during his speech upon the Tobacco Act, in the month of April following, to express himself in the most friendly terms of Mr. Burke, as "one, for whose talents and personal virtue he had the highest esteem, veneration, and regard, and with whom he might be allowed to differ in opinion upon the subject of France, persuaded, as he was, that they never could differ in principle." Of this and some other compliments of a similar nature, Mr. Burke did not deign to take the slightest notice--partly, from an implacable feeling towards him who offered them, and partly, perhaps, from a suspicion that they were intended rather for the ears of the public than his own, and that, while this tendency to conciliation appeared on the surface, the under-current of feeling and influence set all the other way.
Among the measures which engaged the attention of Mr. Sheridan during this session, the princ.i.p.al was a motion of his own for the repeal of the Excise Duties on Tobacco, which appears to have called forth a more than usual portion of his oratory,--his speeches on the subject occupying nearly forty pages. It is upon topics of this unpromising kind, and from the very effort, perhaps, to dignity and enliven them, that the peculiar characteristics of an orator are sometimes most racily brought out. To the Cider Tax we are indebted for one of the grandest bursts of the const.i.tutional spirit and eloquence of Lord Chatham; and, in these orations of Sheridan upon Tobacco, we find examples of the two extreme varieties of his dramatic talent--both of the broad, natural humor of his farce, and the pointed, artificial wit of his comedy. For instance, in representing, as one of the abuses that might arise from the discretionary power of remitting fines to manufacturers, the danger that those only should feel the indulgence, who were found to be supporters of the existing administration, [Footnote: A case of this kind formed the subject of a spirited Speech of Mr. Windham, in 1792. See his Speeches, vol. i. p. 207.] he says:--
"Were a man whose stock had increased or diminished beyond the standard table in the Act, to attend the Commissioners and a.s.sure them that the weather alone had caused the increase or decrease of the article, and that no fraud whatever had been used on the occasion, the Commissioners might say to him, "Sir, you need not give yourself so much trouble to prove your innocence;--we see honesty in your orange cape." But should a person of quite a different side in politics attend for the same purpose, the Commissioners might say, "Sir, you are not to be believed; we see fraud in your blue and buff, and it is impossible that you should not be a smuggler."
Again, in stating the case between the manufacturers and the Minister, the former of whom objected to the Bill altogether, while the latter determined to preserve its principle and only alter its form, he says:--
"The manufacturers ask the Right Honorable Gentleman, if he will consent to give up the principle? The Right Honorable Gentleman answers, "No; the principle must not be abandoned, but do you inform me how I shall alter the Bill." This the manufacturers refused; and they wisely refused it in his opinion; for, what was it but the Minister"s saying, "I have a yoke to put about your necks,--do you help me in fitting it on--only a.s.sist me with your knowledge of the subject, and I"ll fit you with the prettiest pair of fetters that ever were seen in the world.""
As a specimen of his quaint and far-sought witticisms, the following pa.s.sage in the same speech may vie with Trip"s "Post-Obit on the blue and silver, &c."--Having described the effects of the weather in increasing or decreasing the weight of the stock, beyond the exact standard established in the Act, he adds,
"The Commissioners, before they could, in justice, levy such fines, ought to ascertain that the weather is always in that precise state of heat or cold which the Act supposed it would be. They ought to make Christmas give security for frost, take a bond for hot weather from August, and oblige damps and fogs to take out permits."
It was in one of these speeches on the Tobacco Act, that he adverted with considerable warmth to a rumor, which, he complained, had been maliciously circulated, of a misunderstanding between himself and the Duke of Portland, in consequence (as the Report expresses it) of "a certain opposition affirmed to have been made by this n.o.ble Duke, to some views or expectations which he (Mr. Sheridan) was said to have entertained." After declaring that "there was not in these rumors one grain of truth," he added that--
"He would not venture to state to the Committee the opinion that the n.o.ble Duke was pleased to entertain of him, lest he should be accused of vanity in publishing what he might deem highly flattering. All that he would a.s.sert on this occasion was, that if he had it in his power to make the man whose good opinion he should most highly prize think flatteringly of him, he would have that man think of him precisely as the n.o.ble Duke did, and then his wish on that subject would be most amply gratified."
As it is certain, that the feelings which Burke entertained towards Sheridan were now in some degree shared by all those who afterwards seceded from the party, this boast of the high opinion of the Duke of Portland must be taken with what, in Heraldry, is called _Abatement_--that is, a certain degree of diminution of the emblazonry.
Among the papers of Mr. Sheridan, I find a letter addressed to him this year by one of his most distinguished friends, relative to the motions that had lately been brought forward for the relief of the Dissenters.
The writer, whose alarm for the interest of the Church had somewhat disturbed his sense of liberality and justice, endeavors to impress upon Mr. Sheridan, and through him upon Mr. Fox, how undeserving the Dissenters were, as a political body, of the recent exertions on their behalf, and how ungratefully they had more than once requited the services which the Whigs had rendered them. For this latter charge there was but too much foundation in truth, however ungenerous might be the deduction which the writer would draw from it. It is, no doubt, natural that large bodies of men, impatiently suffering under the ban of disqualification, should avail themselves, without much regard to persons or party, of every aid they can muster for their cause, and should (to use the words of an old Earl of Pembroke) "lean on both sides of the stairs to get up." But, it is equally natural that the occasional desertion and ingrat.i.tude, of which, in pursuit of this selfish policy, they are but too likely to be guilty towards their best friends, should, if not wholly indispose the latter to their service, at least considerably moderate their zeal in a cause, where all parties alike seem to be considered but as instruments, and where neither personal predilections nor principle are regarded in the choice of means. To the great credit, however, of the Whig party, it must be said, that, though often set aside and even disowned by their clients, they have rarely suffered their high duty, as advocates, to be relaxed or interrupted by such momentary suspensions of confidence. In this respect, the cause of Ireland has more than once been a trial of their constancy. Even Lord North was able, by his reluctant concessions, to supersede them for a time in the favor of my too believing countrymen,--whose despair of finding justice at any hands has often led them thus to carry their confidence to market, and to place it in the hands of the first plausible bidder. The many vicissitudes of popularity which their own ill.u.s.trious Whig, Grattan, had to encounter, would have wearied out the ardor of any less magnanimous champion. But high minds are as little affected by such unworthy returns for services, as the sun is by those fogs which the earth throws up between herself and his light.
With respect to the Dissenters, they had deserted Mr. Fox in his great struggle with the Crown in 1784, and laid their interest and hopes at the feet of the new idol of the day. Notwithstanding this, we find him, in the year 1787, warmly maintaining, and in opposition to his rival, the cause of the very persons who had contributed to make that rival triumphant,--and showing just so much remembrance of their late defection as served to render this sacrifice of personal to public feelings more signal. "He was determined," he said, "to let them know that, though they could upon some occasions lose sight of their principles of liberty, he would not upon any occasion lose sight of his principles of toleration."
In the present session, too, notwithstanding that the great organ of the Dissenters, Dr. Price, had lately in a sermon, published with a view to the Test, made a pointed attack on the morals of Mr. Fox and his friends, this generous advocate of religious liberty not the less promptly acceded to the request of the body, that he would himself bring the motion for their relief before the House.
On the 12th of June the Parliament was dissolved,--and Mr. Sheridan again succeeded in being elected for Stafford. The following letters, however, addressed to him by Mrs. Sheridan during the election, will prove that they were not without some apprehensions of a different result. The letters are still more interesting, as showing how warmly alive to each other"s feelings the hearts of both husband wife could remain, after the long lapse of near twenty years, and after trials more fatal to love than even time itself.
"This letter will find you, my dear d.i.c.k. I hope, encircled with honors at Stafford. I take it for granted you entered it triumphantly on Sunday, --but I am very impatient to hear the particulars, and of the utter discomfiture of S---- and his followers. I received your note from Birmingham this morning, and am happy to find that you and my dear cub were well, so far on your journey. You could not be happier than I should be in the proposed alteration for Tom, but we will talk more of this when we meet. I sent you Cartwright yesterday, and to-day I pack you off Perry with the soldiers. I was obliged to give them four guineas for their expenses. I send you, likewise, by Perry, the note from Mrs. Crewe, to enable you to speak of your qualification if you should be called upon.
So I think I have executed all your commissions, Sir; and if you want any of these doubtful votes which I mentioned to you, you will have time enough to send for them, for I would not let them go till I hear they can be of any use.
"And, now for my journal, Sir, which I suppose you expect. Sat.u.r.day, I was at home all day busy for you,--kept Mrs. Reid to dinner,--went to the Opera,--afterwards to Mrs. St. John"s, where I lost my money sadly, Sir,--eat strawberries and cream for supper,--sat between Lord Salisbury and Mr. Meynell, (hope you approve of that, Sir,)--overheard Lord Salisbury advise Miss Boyle by no means to subscribe to Taylor"s Opera, as O"Reilly"s would certainly have the patent,--confess I did not come home till past two. Sunday, called on Lady Julia,--father and Mr. Reid to dinner,--in the evening at Lady Hampden"s,--lost my money again, Sir, and came home by one o"clock. "Tis now near one o"clock,--my father is established in my boudoir, and, when I have finished this, I am going with him to hear Abbe Vogler play on the Stafford organ. I have promised to dine with Mrs. Crewe, who is to have a female party only,--no objection to that, I suppose. Sir? Whatever the party do, I shall do of course,--I suppose it will end in Mrs. Hobart"s. Mr. James told me on Sat.u.r.day, and I find it is the report of the day, that Bond Hopkins has gone to Stafford. I am sorry to tell you there is an opposition at York, Mr. Montague opposes Sir Willam Milner. Mr. Beckford has given up at Dover, and Lord ** is so provoked at it, that he has given up too, though they say they were both sure. St. Ives is gone for want of a candidate.
Mr. Barham is beat at Stockbridge. Charles Lenox has offered for Surry, and they say Lord Egremont might drive him to the deuce, if he would set any body up against him. You know, I suppose, Mr. Crewe has likewise an opponent. I am sorry to tell you all this bad news, and, to complete it, Mr. Adam is sick in bed, and there is n.o.body to do any good left in town.
"I am more than ever convinced we must look to other resources for wealth and independence, and consider politics merely as an amus.e.m.e.nt,--and in that light "tis best to be in Opposition, which I am afraid we are likely to be for some years again.
"I see the rumors of war still continue--Stocks continue to fall--is that good or bad for the Ministers? The little boys are come home to me to-day. I could not help showing in my answer to Mr. T"s letter, that I was hurt at his conduct,--so I have got another flummery letter, and the boys, who (as he is pretty sure) will be the best peace-makers. G.o.d bless you, my dear d.i.c.k. I am very well, I a.s.sure you; pray don"t neglect to write to your ever affectionate
"E. S."
"MY DEAREST d.i.c.k,
"_Wednesday_.
"I am full of anxiety and fright about you.--I cannot but think your letters are very alarming. Deuce take the Corporation! is it impossible to make them resign their pretensions, and make peace with the Burgesses?
I have sent Thomas after Mr. c.o.c.ker. I suppose you have sent for the out-votes; but, if they are not good, what a terrible expense will that be!--however, they are ready. I saw Mr. c.o.c.ker yesterday,--he collected them together last night, and gave them a treat,--so they are in high good humor. I inclose you a letter which B. left here last night,--I could not resist opening it. Every thing seems going wrong. I think. I thought he was not to do anything in your absence.--It strikes me the bad business he mentions was entirely owing to his own stupidity, and want of a little patience,--is it of much consequence? I don"t hear that the report is true of Basilico"s arrival;--a messenger came to the Spanish emba.s.sy, which gave rise to this tale, I believe.
"If you were not so worried, I should scold you for the conclusion of your letter of to-day. Might not I as well accuse you of coldness, for not filling your letter with professions, at a time when your head must be full of business? I think of nothing all day long, but how to do good, some how or other, for you. I have given you a regular Journal of my time, and all to please you,--so don"t, dear d.i.c.k, lay so much stress on words. I should use them oftener, perhaps, but I feel as if it would look like deceit. You know me well enough, to be sure that I can never do what I"m bid, Sir,--but, pray, don"t think I meant to send you a cold letter, for indeed nothing was ever farther from my heart.
"You will see Mr. Horne Tooke"s advertis.e.m.e.nt to-day in the papers;--what do you think of that to complete the thing? Bishop Dixon has just called from the hustings:--he says the late Recorder. Adair, proposed Charles with a good speech, and great applause,--Captain Berkeley, Lord Hood, with a bad speech, not much applauded; and then Horne Tooke came forward, and, in the most impudent speech that ever was heard, proposed himself,--abused both the candidates, and said he should have been ashamed to have sat and heard such ill-deserved praises given him. But he told the crowd that, since so many of these fine virtues and qualifications had never yet done them the least good, they might as well now choose a candidate without them. He said, however, that if they were sincere in their professions of standing alone, he was sure of coming in, for they must all give him their second votes. There was an amazing deal of laughing and noise in the course of his speech. Charles Fox attempted to answer him, and so did Lord Hood,--but they would hear neither, and they are now polling away.
"Do, my dearest love, if you have possibly time, write me a few more particulars, for your letters are very unsatisfactory, and I am full of anxiety. Make Richardson write,--what has he better to do? G.o.d bless thee, my dear, dear d.i.c.k,--would it were over and all well! I am afraid, at any rate, it will be ruinous work.
"Ever your true and affectionate
"E. S.
"_Near five_. I am just come from the hustings;--the state of the poll when I left it was, Fox, 260; Hood, 75; Home Tooke, 17! But he still persists in his determination of polling a man an hour for the whole time--I saw Mr. Wilkes go up to vote for Tooke and Hood, amidst the hisses and groans of a mult.i.tude,"
"My poor d.i.c.k, how you are worried! This is the day.--you will easily guess how anxious I shall be; but you seem pretty sanguine yourself, which is my only comfort, for Richardson"s letter is rather croaking. You have never said a word of little Monkton:--has he any chance, or none? I ask questions without considering that, before you receive this, every thing will be decided--I hope triumphantly for you. What a sad set of venal rascals your favorites the Blacks must be, to turn so suddenly from their professions and promises! I am half sorry you have any thing more to do with them, and more than ever regret you did not stand for Westminster with Charles, instead of Lord John;--in that case you would have come in now, and we should not have been persecuted by this Horne Tooke. However, it is the dullest contested election that ever was seen--no canva.s.sing, no houses open, no c.o.c.kades. But I heard that a report prevails now, that Horne Tooke polling so few the two or three first days is an artful trick to put the others off their guard, and that he means to pour in his votes on the last days, when it will be too late for them to repair their neglect. But I don"t think it possible, either, for such a fellow to beat Charles in Westminster.
"I have just had a note from Reid--he is at Canterbury:--the state of the poll there, Thursday night, was as follows:--Gipps, 220; Lord * *, 211; Sir T. Honeywood, 216; Mr. Warton, 163. We have got two members for Wendover, and two at Ailsbury. Mr. Barham is beat at Stockbridge. Mr.
Tierney says he shall be beat, owing to Bate Dudley"s manoeuvres, and the Dissenters having all forsaken him,--a set of ungrateful wretches. E.
Fawkener has just sent me a state of the poll at Northampton, as it stood yesterday, when they adjourned to dinner:--Lord Compton, 160; Bouverie, 98; Colonel Manners, 72. They are in hopes Mr. Manners will give up, this is all my news, Sir.
"We had a very pleasant musical party last night at Lord Erskine"s, where I supped. I am asked to dine to-day with Lady Palmerston, at Sheen; but I can"t go, unless Mrs. Crewe will carry me, as the coach is gone to have its new lining. I have sent to ask her, for "tis a fine day, and I should like it very well. G.o.d thee bless, my dear d.i.c.k.
"Yours ever, true and affectionate,
"E.S.
"Duke of Portland has just left me:--he is full of anxiety about you:-- this is the second time he has called to inquire."
Having secured his own election, Mr. Sheridan now hastened to lend his aid, where such a lively reinforcement was much wanted, on the hustings at Westminster. The contest here was protracted to the 2d of July; and it required no little exercise both of wit and temper to encounter the cool personalities of Tooke, who had not forgotten the severe remarks of Sheridan upon his pamphlet the preceding year, and who, in addition to his strong powers of sarcasm, had all those advantages which, in such a contest, contempt for the courtesies and compromises of party warfare gives. Among other sallies of his splenetic humor it is related, that Mr.
Fox having, upon one occasion, retired from the hustings, and left to Sheridan the task of addressing the mult.i.tude, Tooke remarked, that such was always the practice of quack-doctors, who, whenever they quit the stage themselves, make it a rule to leave their merry-andrews behind.
[Footnote: Tooke, it is said, upon coming one Monday morning to the hustings, was thus addressed by a pietism of his opponent, not of a very reputable character--"Well, Mr. Tooke, you will have all the blackguards with you to day"--"I am delighted to hear it, Sir," (said Tooke, bowing,) "and from such good authority."]
The French Revolution still continued, by its comet-like course, to dazzle, alarm, and disturb all Europe. Mr. Burke had published his celebrated "Reflections" in the month of November, 1790; and never did any work, with the exception, perhaps, of the Eikon Basilike, produce such a rapid, deep, and general sensation. The Eikon was the book of a King, and this might, in another sense, be called the Book of Kings. Not only in England, but throughout all Europe,--in every part of which monarchy was now trembling for its existence,--this lofty appeal to loyalty was heard and welcomed. Its effect upon the already tottering Whig party was like that of "the Voice," in the ruins of Rome, "disparting towers." The whole fabric of the old Rockingham confederacy shook to its base. Even some, who afterwards recovered their equilibrium, at first yielded to the eloquence of this extraordinary book,--which, like the aera of chivalry, whose loss it deplores, mixes a grandeur with error, and throws a charm round political superst.i.tion, that will long render its pages a sort of region of Royal romance, to which fancy will have recourse for illusions that have lost their last hold on reason.
The undisguised freedom with which Mr. Fox and Mr. Sheridan expressed every where their opinions of this work and its principles had, of course, no small influence on the temper of the author, and, while it confirmed him in his hatred and jealousy of the one, prepared him for the breach which he meditated with the other. This breach was now, indeed, daily expected, as a natural sequel to the rupture with Mr. Sheridan in the last session; but, by various accidents and interpositions, the crisis was delayed till the 6th of May, when the recommitment of the Quebec Bill,--a question upon which both orators had already taken occasion to unfold their views of the French Revolution,--furnished Burke with an opportunity, of which he impetuously took advantage, to sever the tie between himself and Mr. Fox forever.
This scene, so singular in a public a.s.sembly, where the natural affections are but seldom called out, and where, though bursts of temper like that of Burke are common, such tears as those shed by Mr. Fox are rare phenomena,--has been so often described in various publications, that it would be superfluous to enter into the details of it here. The following are the solemn and stern words in which sentence of death was p.r.o.nounced upon a friendship, that had now lasted for more than the fourth part of a century. "It certainly," said Mr. Burke, "was indiscretion at any period, but especially at his time of life, to provoke enemies, or to give his friends occasion to desert him; yet, if his firm and steady adherence to the British Const.i.tution placed him in such a dilemma, he would risk all, and, as public duty and public prudence taught him, with his last words exclaim, "Fly from the French Const.i.tution."" [Mr. Fox here whispered, that "there was no loss of friendship."] Mr. Burke said, "Yes, there _was_ a loss of friendship;--he knew the price of his conduct;--he had done his duty at the price of his friend; their friendship was at an end."
In rising to reply to the speech of Burke, Mr. Fox was so affected as to be for some moments unable to speak:--he wept, it is said, even to sobbing; and persons who were in the gallery at the time declare, that, while he spoke, there was hardly a dry eye around them.
Had it been possible for two natures so incapable of disguise--the one from simplicity and frankness, the other from ungovernable temper,--to have continued in relations of amity, notwithstanding their disagreement upon a question which was at that moment setting the world in arms, both themselves and the country would have been the better for such a compromise between them. Their long habits of mutual deference would have mingled with and moderated the discussion of their present differences; --the tendency to one common centre to which their minds had been accustomed, would have prevented them from flying so very widely asunder; and both might have been thus saved from those extremes of principle, which Mr. Burke always, and Mr. Fox sometimes, had recourse to in defending their respective opinions, and which, by lighting, as it were, the torch at both ends, but hastened a conflagration in which Liberty herself might have been the sufferer. But it was evident that such a compromise would have been wholly impossible. Even granting that Mr.
Burke did not welcome the schism as a relief, neither the temper of the men nor the spirit of the times, which converted opinions at once into pa.s.sions, would have admitted of such a peaceable counterbalance of principles, nor suffered them long to slumber in that hollow truce, which Tacitus has described,--"_manente in speciem amicitia_" Mr.
Sheridan saw this from the first; and, in hazarding that vehement speech, by which he provoked the rupture between himself and Burke, neither his judgment nor his temper were so much off their guard as they who blamed that speech seemed inclined to infer. But, perceiving that a separation was in the end inevitable, he thought it safer, perhaps, as well as manlier, to encounter the extremity at once, than by any temporizing delay, or too complaisant suppression of opinion, to involve both himself and Mr. Fox in the suspicion of either sharing or countenancing that spirit of defection, which, he saw, was fast spreading among the rest of their a.s.sociates.
It is indeed said, and with every appearance of truth, that Mr. Sheridan had felt offended by the censures which some of his political friends had p.r.o.nounced upon the indiscretion (as it was called) of his speech in the last year, and that, having, in consequence, withdrawn from them the aid of his powerful talents during a great part of the present session, he but returned to his post under the express condition, that he should be allowed to take the earliest opportunity of repeating, fully and explicitly, the same avowal of his sentiments.
The following letter from Dr. Parr to Mrs. Sheridan, written immediately after the scene between Burke and Sheridan in the preceding year, is curious:--
"DEAR MADAM,