The Emperor spent the evening of the 11th in his closet: his first thought was for the Empress. He wrote her a very tender letter, which began with these remarkable words. "Madam and dear wife, I have re-ascended my throne."
He informed Prince Joseph[58] also, that he had resumed his crown; and directed him to make known to foreign powers, through their ministers to the Helvetic Confederation, that he intended never more to disturb the tranquillity of Europe, and faithfully to maintain the treaty of Paris. He particularly recommended to him, strongly to impress upon Austria and Russia, how desirous he was of re-establishing his former connexions with them in the most intimate manner.
He appeared to set a particular value on the alliance of Russia. His predilection was founded, no doubt, on political motives not difficult to guess; yet I believe he was equally induced to it by Alexander"s generous conduct towards the French. The popularity and renown, which this prince had acquired in France, excited, and could not but excite, the jealousy of Napoleon: but this jealousy, the attribute of great minds, did not render him unjust; he knew how to estimate Alexander.
Hitherto Napoleon has been engaged only in depriving the King of his army; he now thought the time was come, to take from him also the sceptre of civil government. "On this I have resolved," said he to me: "I will now annihilate the royal authority, and dismiss the chambers. Since I have resumed the government, no authority but mine ought to exist. The public must be taught from this moment, that they are to obey me alone." He then dictated to me in succession the following decrees, known by the name of the decrees of Lyons.
Lyons, 13th of March, 1815.
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, &c. &c.
Considering, that the Chamber of Peers is partly composed of persons who have borne arms against France, and who are interested in the re-establishment of feudal rights, in the destruction of the equality of the different cla.s.ses, in the nullification of the sale of the national domains, and finally in depriving the people of the rights they have acquired by fighting for five and twenty years against the enemies of the national glory:
Considering, that the powers of the deputies of the legislative body have expired, and that from that moment the Chamber of Commons has no longer a national character; that a part of this chamber has rendered itself unworthy the confidence of the nation, by a.s.senting to the re-establishment of the feudal n.o.bility, abolished by the const.i.tution accepted by the people; by making France pay debts contracted with foreign powers for negotiating coalitions, and paying armies, against the French people; by giving to the Bourbons the t.i.tle of legitimate King, which was declaring the French people and the armies rebels, proclaiming those emigrants, who for five and twenty years have been wounding the vitals of their country, the only good Frenchmen, and violating all the rights of the people, by sanctioning the principle, that the nation is made for the throne, not the throne for the nation:
We have decreed, and do decree, as follows:
Article I.
The Chamber of Peers is dissolved.
Article II.
The Chamber of Commons is dissolved: it is ordered, that every one of the members convened and arrived at Paris since the 7th of March last shall repair to his home without delay.
Article III.
The electoral colleges of the departments of the empire shall a.s.semble at Paris in the course of the month of May next, in order to take proper measures for correcting and modifying our const.i.tutions agreeably to the interests and will of the nation; and at the same time to a.s.sist at the coronation of the Empress, our dear and well-beloved wife, and that of our dear and well-beloved son.
Article IV.
Our Grand Marshal, executing the functions of Major-general of the grand army, is appointed to take necessary measures for making public the present decree.
SECOND DECREE.
Napoleon, &c.
Article I.
All the emigrants, whose names have not been erased, amnestied, or eliminated, by us, or by the governments that have preceded us; and who have returned to France since the 1st of January, 1814, shall immediately quit the territory of the empire.
Article II.
Those emigrants, who shall be found in the territory of the empire fifteen days after the promulgation of the present decree, shall be arrested and tried conformably to the laws decreed by our national a.s.semblies: unless however it be proved, that they had no knowledge of the present decree; in which case, they shall merely be arrested, and conducted out of the territory by the gendarmerie.
Article III.
All their property, moveable and immoveable, &c. &c. shall be placed in sequestration.
THIRD DECREE.
Napoleon, &c.
Article I.
The n.o.bility is abolished, and the laws of the Const.i.tuent a.s.sembly shall be put in force.
Article II.
Feudal t.i.tles are suppressed.
Article III.
Those individuals, who have obtained from us national t.i.tles, as national rewards, and whose letters patent have been verified before the council by the seal of state, shall continue to bear them.
Article IV.
We reserve to ourselves the power of giving t.i.tles to the descendants of those men, who have rendered the French name ill.u.s.trious in various ages, whether in the command of armies by land and sea, in the councils of sovereigns, in the administration of justice or of civil authority, or finally in the arts and sciences, commerce, &c.
FOURTH DECREE.
Napoleon, &c.
Article I.
All those generals and officers by land and sea, of whatever rank, who have been introduced into our armies since the 1st of April, 1814, who had emigrated; or who, not having emigrated, had quitted the service at the period of the first coalition, when the country had the greatest need of their services; shall immediately cease their functions, relinquish the marks of their rank, and repair to their homes, &c. &c.
FIFTH DECREE.
Napoleon, &c.
Considering, that by our const.i.tutions the members of the judicial order are not removable, we decree:
Article I.
All the arbitrary changes made in our inferior tribunals and courts are null, and to be considered as having never taken place.
Article II.
The presidents of the court of ca.s.sation, our procureur-general (attorney-general), and the members who have been unjustly, and from a spirit of reaction, dismissed from the said court, are restored to their functions, &c. &c.
By four other decrees the Emperor ordered, that the property of the Bourbon family should be placed in sequestration.
That all the property of emigrants, which belonged to the Legion of Honour, hospitals, communes, the sinking fund, or the national domains, should be restored to these different establishments.
That the King"s household and the Swiss should be dismissed, and that no foreign corps should be admitted as a guard to the sovereign.
And that the decoration of the lily, and the orders of St. Louis, the Holy Ghost, and St. Michael, should be abolished.