The improvements herein suggested, appear so far to have commended themselves to the local executive authorities, that, in certain important particulars, corresponding improvements have already been carried into effect.
Of these various suggestions, the one by far the most important of all is evidently that designed for deepening the harbour-channel, and rendering the entrance more safe and accessible.
For a long period the harbour of Whitby had been protected, seaward, by two princ.i.p.al piers,-one running from the eastern cliff about 215 yards, in a north-westerly direction, and the other (a fine specimen of ma.s.sive and substantial architecture) running north-north-easterly, along the western side of the harbour, and extending beyond the line of the west cliff, a distance of about 940 feet into the sea. This longer pier, at the time my Father wrote, stretched out a distance of about 100 yards (reckoned from the general direction of the coast) farther than the head of the other, leaving, however, a clear width, for the entrance of the harbour, of about ninety-two yards.
The effect of this arrangement, as to the extension of the western pier so far beyond the other, was, as my Father well observed, extremely injurious; for a deep bed of sand was constantly found enc.u.mbering the entrance by the formation of a "bar," which not only rendered the channel tortuous and incommodious, but not unfrequently diminished the otherwise available depth on the firmer bed of the river to an extent of several feet. And besides this mischief to a harbour almost drying at low water,-the access, with _scant_ winds from the westward, was rendered at once difficult and dangerous because of the flood-tide sweeping strongly across the harbour-mouth to the eastward, and tending, by its leeward set, to carry the ship attempting to enter, against, or beyond, the left-hand pier, and thus to risk her total destruction by stranding on the contiguous dangerous scar.
For the correction of the evil and danger thus, apparently, induced, my Father proposed the extension of the east-pier by a bend in a more northerly direction, so that, whilst the reflux of the harbour water, and the natural stream of the _Esk_, might, within the narrowed and extended channel, carry out the loose sand of the bar into the sea, and thus deepen the entrance,-the projection of the east pier might serve at once to guide the tidal coast-stream of flood with more force into the harbour, and to render the access more easy and safe by such a protection immediately under the lee of any ship coming in with a scant wind from the westward.
This plan, with some little deviation, has already been carried into effect. The pier has been lengthened in a N. by W. (westerly) direction, by sections of fifty feet at a time, in the proposed direction; at each section, now increased altogether to about 300 feet, the channel has been found to be deepened and rendered less tortuous, and the entrance has become more safe,-exactly as the projector of the improvement had antic.i.p.ated.[P]
A grand improvement, as to the change of aspect and accommodation, to the inner harbour, was also suggested by my Father, but has not yet been carried into effect. The improvement suggested was for the formation of the large s.p.a.ce, above bridge, which is filled at spring tides from the sea, into a permanent floating-dock,-a scheme which he conceived could be easily effected by a wall, with gates, across the harbour, at, or near, the place of the present bridge.
The effect of such an arrangement, indeed, is not easy to be antic.i.p.ated.
How far the overflow of water would suffice to keep the channel clear of sandy deposits? or to what extent the body of debris and shale from the mines above might, in such case, make lodgment in the bed of the inner harbour? cannot be certainly determined. Yet as there are existing wears at some distance from the town across the river bed, and no permanent deposits, except in their immediate contiguity, I believe, induced, it seems not improbable but that with a sufficient number of escape sluices in the seaward bounding-wall, the efflux, whilst carrying off the considerable supply of water yielded by the river, might suffice, at the same time, to urge outward the descending debris, and keep the channel free.
In conclusion of these notices respecting my Father"s inventions and suggestions for improvements, it will not be out of place to add the substance of an interesting and curious autograph doc.u.ment (which fell into my hands after his decease) referring to other speculations, contemplated evidently as practicable, though neither explained, as to principle or process, nor attempted to be carried out.
The doc.u.ment, which as to its manner reminds one of the Marquis of Worcester"s "Century of Inventions," bears the date of London, 23d December, 1824, and is aptly ent.i.tled-"Hints; or Outlines of Improvements conceived by W. Scoresby." These outlines, of which the following are pretty nearly literal and verbal extracts, are, in the original, thus introduced:-
"How swift is a glimpse of the mind!
Compared with the speed of _its_ flight, The tempest itself lags behind, And the swift-winged arrows of light!"
"During forty years occupation at sea, (the doc.u.ment then proceeds to set forth,) when duty called me to watch, my mind was, at intervals, employed about many things which might have been made useful to the public, had they been brought forward in due time.
Amongst these conceptions may be particularised the following:-
1. An improved method of ship-building, both as to ships-of-war and merchantmen, by adding to their strength in framing, and promoting velocity by placing the masts and rigging, and also adding to their durability by preventing in a great measure the attack of dry-rot.
2. Seasoning timber to prevent the dry-rot in ships, churches, and other buildings.
3. To deepen the water on bar-harbours, and in navigable rivers, so as to give easy access to all friends, and to shut out, when necessary, the enemies of our highly favoured land!
4. To build _breakwaters_ in any depth, not exceeding twelve or fourteen fathoms water, of materials that will not yield to the surge of the sea, and, when immersed in the briny flood, will become tenacious and durable as _terra-firma_, even as the granite rock.
5. To secure the banks of rivers, [subject to encroachments,] and to support [endangered] buildings of any magnitude.
6. To improve low, wet, barren lands, near tide-flowing rivers, that bear up only mire and dirt, by draining on the ebb and warping on the flood-tide.
7. To draw off the foul and inflammable air from coal-pits and other mines liable to explosion.
8. To lay out new streets, nearly level, over uneven ground, with vaults under them for containing fuel, etc. for the inhabitants, and so arranged as to admit of pipes for gas, water, etc., being laid or altered without molesting the pavements.
9. To improve the hanging of venetian blinds in windows, [and to render them more manageable and useful] for keeping out the sun.
10. To prepare oatmeal for the table by a new method of drying and sh.e.l.ling the corn.
11. "To keep in health" by regimen.
12. To improve the making of _lasts_, so that the boot or shoe may comfortably fit the foot of the wearer.
13. An improved method of pulling down decayed buildings in towns, in order to rebuilding, as also of making new roads, to the honour of the British nation, the accommodation of trade, commerce, and of the public.
14. Lastly, To beautify the Church and draw man unto it, [not by mere outward architecture and adorning, however admirable,] but by appointing and supporting _faithful pastors_ now when the current of prejudice is setting in so strongly against it!"
Some few of my Father"s original ideas, on such topics as these, were occasionally elicited in conversation, but, unfortunately, no record was made of them by those immediately in intercourse with him, nor were any papers, generally expository of his views, met with among those amid which this curious and interesting doc.u.ment was found.
SECTION IV.-_Miscellaneous and concluding Notices._
The originality of mind, superiority of intelligence and peculiar abilities of the subject of these records, were characteristics yielding much variety of ill.u.s.tration in the foregoing pages.
His peculiar abilities as a whale-fisher, as may have been already inferred, were conspicuous in every department, and in every practical operation connected with the adventurous pursuit. If he could successfully attack, and safely subdue, a vicious and dangerous whale which was working destruction upon others who had a.s.sailed it; so he could harpoon a whale, under circ.u.mstances of difficulty or _distance_, when no less powerful and expert an arm could reach it. In the primary attack, the aim of the harponeer is to get the boat fairly on the _back_ of the whale, that he may the more effectually bury his barbed weapon deep in its body; but, as ofttimes happens, the whale retires from the surface before the boat can come up to it, and must then be a.s.sailed, if the distance will permit, by the projecting of the harpoon with an energetic _heave_. To strike the retiring or affrighted fish in this manner, with a weapon, which, with its immediately attached line, is of the weight of eleven or twelve pounds, is an operation requiring both strength and skill. Comparatively few harponeers are able to perform this important object, effectually, beyond a distance of twenty to twenty-two feet; and the distance of four fathoms, or twenty-four feet, requires superior expertness. This, however, was an easy range with my Father; whilst he has been known to heave his harpoon with precision and success even as far as twenty-six or twenty-eight feet.
His management in the urging and furthering of the general operations of the fishery was sometimes attended with extraordinary results. Thus, on one occasion, during his command of the John of Greenock, he captured thirteen whales in thirty hours, and flensed five of them, comprising a produce of about eighty tuns of oil, of the commercial value (inclusive of the whalebone) of about 3500_l._! The ice, in this case, closing and threatening besetment, other ships in company urgently made their escape; my Father, judiciously weighing the risks and probable advantages, determined to abide the issue. He did so, his ship got beset, but, as he had antic.i.p.ated, was soon released, and on the relaxation of the pressure, just as the ice was opening, whales again appeared, and he made further important progress in the fishery!
The originality of talent and tact so observable in the various records heretofore given, became equally conspicuous, as occasions offered, in an enlarged and general scope of application. The following case, though I do not remember how I learnt it, is so characteristic of my Father, that I cannot hesitate in offering it for ill.u.s.tration.
He had a remarkable keenness and power in the eye, which, in the case referred to, he turned to account with a curious and surprising result.
Having occasion to visit a ship lying in a _tier_ in a dock, he encountered, in his transit across from vessel to vessel, a fierce and dangerous dog. Though warned against venturing to cross the deck on which this formidable looking animal was placed as guardian, he, relying on the power of the human eye, which he believed no animal, if its gaze were once fixed, could bear, determined to venture on the experiment. Immediately on the dog observing the approach of an intruder on its domain, it exhibited the most expressive tokens of the intention to resist; and when my Father put his leg over the bulwark of the contiguous vessel it flew fiercely towards him. Pausing in this position, he strove to catch the eye of the dog, an attempt which for some time it contrived to evade. But at length succeeding so that whenever it glanced towards his face it met his steady, stern, and penetrative gaze, an effect, in the discomposed expression of the creature, became soon observable. Whilst thus obtaining and holding its unwilling look, my Father moved his other leg over and slowly advanced with one foot upon the rail of the guarded vessel,-a movement which was resisted by fierce barking and sundry traverse-like springs, but, withal, an obvious indisposition to attack the being whose eye was so over-awing.
Another step forward renewed the display of noise and action, but the stern, fixed look, now perpetually watched, repelled the a.s.sailant. He next stood firm on the forbidden deck, and yet was free from attack; he advanced a step, and the dog still bounding from side to side, or forward and backward in front, came no nearer. Another and another step was deliberately, but determinately pushed forward, whilst the dog, repelled by the immovable gaze, yielded the ground. The result, as I have understood, was, that when the dog had been driven entirely across the deck where there happened to be no defence as bulwark, betwixt the rail and the ship"s side, my Father sprung a step or two suddenly forward, as if designing, in turn, to become the a.s.sailant, when the panic-stricken brute, as suddenly backing, unconsciously pa.s.sed beneath the railing and fell overboard!
As it has not been our plan in these memorial records to give a regular and general biography, few circ.u.mstances in respect to habits on sh.o.r.e, domestic relations, and private life, have been introduced. We may here, however, supply some incidental matters in brief notices.
His habits of life were, in respect to matters of self-indulgence, generally moderate and temperate. At sea, his favourite beverage was tea; and though not connected with any Temperance Society, nor practising total abstinence from stimulating drinks, he was a great tea-drinker. On occasions of long exposure at the mast-head, or after irritation of the throat by much exertion with the speaking-trumpet in giving directions to the men at a distance, when on ice or in boats, he was wont to take what was called an "egg-dram," consisting of a raw egg beat up with a spoonful or two of ardent spirits. This was not unfrequently carried up to him by the steward, and taken in the crow"s-nest; but he almost regularly, except at the dinner hour, resorted to tea on each succeeding occasion when refreshment was needed. Under hard and prolonged engagements in fishing, or penetrating the ice, when from twelve to eighteen hours (with but very brief intervals below) might be spent aloft, his call to the steward, as he antic.i.p.ated a few minutes of respite, was often heard to prepare tea.
And "tea," "tea," some four or five or even six times, betwixt rising from and retiring to his bed, has been the chief orders for refreshment in his hard and protracted exertions.
In character, my Father was patriotic, benevolent, and philanthropic; in temper, quick and pa.s.sionate, but soon composed, and singularly free from animosity against those with whom he had been at variance, and _most forgiving_ to those who had injured him.
He was an enthusiastic admirer of the British Const.i.tution, in Church and State; an ardent loyalist, and a sincere respecter of magisterial authority. He loved his country, and made neither few nor unexpensive efforts for the public benefit. On the last renewal of the Whitby Pier Act, when difficulty and opposition were expected, he spent a considerable sum in the engaging of professional a.s.sistance with the view to the renewal and improvement of an Act so important to Whitby and the coasting navigation.
His course through life, though of almost uninterrupted prosperity, was not of unmixed quietude. Jealousies and envyings on the part of some; opposition, arising from misconceptions as to what they could not understand, prevailed with others. But with those amongst whom he was cast, of superior intelligence, he not unfrequently made his way satisfactorily and agreeably. His personal superior intelligence and originality of conception commended him to the favourable consideration of many of our most eminent engineers and naval architects, and others professionally engaged in public works. He was well known to the late Sir John Barrow, and was a rather frequent visitor at the scientific a.s.semblages at the house of Sir Joseph Banks, as also many times a guest at the hospitable table of that distinguished patron of science.
At all periods of his life, he was well estimated by many of those whose judgment and superiority were publicly recognised; and, after his decease, most of those who had not understood him, received new and favourable impressions concerning him.
In his regard to religion, there was no special profession. There was as much freedom from ostentation as there was from hypocrisy, which he despised. As to those things which mankind are p.r.o.ne to fail in, and as to results in life in which it is found "that by reason of the frailty of our nature we cannot always stand upright,"-I never recollect, in his own case, his excusing them, or expressing views derogatory to Divine Grace, or tending to the _abuse_ of its consoling doctrines. It was most manifest, that his simple and entire reliance for justification before G.o.d, was in Christ, and Christ alone; and it was equally manifest that he recognised and held the duties of Christianity in their broad and practical bearing, as of grand and indispensable importance for life and G.o.dliness.