Auca.s.sins was the son of the Count of Beaucaire. Nicolette was a young girl whom the Viscount of Beaucaire had redeemed as a captive of the Saracens, and had brought up as a G.o.d-daughter in his family.
Auca.s.sins fell in love with Nicolette, and wanted to marry her. The action turned on marriage, for, to the Counts of Beaucaire, as to other counts, not to speak of kings, high alliance was not a matter of choice but of necessity, without which they could not defend their lives, let alone their counties; and, to make Auca.s.sins"
conduct absolutely treasonable, Beaucaire was at that time surrounded and besieged, and the Count, Auca.s.sins" father, stood in dire need of his son"s help. Auca.s.sins refused to stir unless he could have Nicolette. What were honours to him if Nicolette were not to share them. "S"ele estait empereris de Colstentin.o.ble u d"Alemaigne u roine de France u d"Engletere, si aroit il a.s.ses peu en li, tant est france et cortoise et de bon aire et entecie de toutes bones teces." To be empress of "Colstentin.o.ble" would be none too good for her, so stamped is she with n.o.bility and courtesy and high-breeding and all good qualities.
So the Count, after a long struggle, sent for his Viscount and threatened to have Nicolette burned alive, and the Viscount himself treated no better, if he did not put a stop to the affair; and the Viscount shut up Nicolette, and remonstrated with Auca.s.sins: "Marry a king"s daughter, or a count"s! leave Nicolette alone, or you will never see Paradise!" This at once gave Auca.s.sins the excuse for a charming tirade against Paradise, for which, a century or two later, he would properly have been burned together with Nicolette:--
En paradis qu"ai je a faire? Je n"i quier entrer mais que j"aie Nicolete, ma tres douce amie, que j"aim tant. C"en paradis ne vont fors tex gens con je vous dirai. Il i vont ci viel prestre et cil vieil clop et cil manke, qui tote jour et tote nuit cropent devant ces autex et en ces vies cruutes, et ci a ces vies capes ereses et a ces vies tatereles vestues, qui sont nu et decauc et estrumele, qui moeurent de faim et d"esci et de froid et de mesaises. Icil vont en paradis; aveuc ciax n"ai jou que faire; mais en infer voil jou aler.
Car en infer vont li bel clerc et li bel cevalier qui sont mort as tornois et as rices gueres, et li bien sergant et li franc home.
Aveuc ciax voil jou aler. Et si vont les beles dames cortoises que eles ont ii amis ou iii avec leurs barons. Et si va li ors et li agens et li vairs et li gris; et si i vont herpeor et jogleor et li roi del siecle. Avec ciax voil jou aler mais que j"aie Nicolete, ma tres douce amie, aveuc moi.
In Paradise what have I to do? I do not care to go there unless I may have Nicolette, my very sweet friend, whom I love so much. For to Paradise goes no one but such people as I will tell you of. There go old priests and old cripples and the maimed, who all day and all night crouch before altars and in old crypts, and are clothed with old worn-out capes and old tattered rags; who are naked and footbare and sore; who die of hunger and want and misery. These go to Paradise; with them I have nothing to do; but to h.e.l.l I am willing to go. For, to h.e.l.l go the fine scholars and the fair knights who die in tournies and in glorious wars; and the good men-at-arms and the well-born. With them I will gladly go. And there go the fair courteous ladies whether they have two or three friends besides their lords. And the gold and silver go there, and the ermines and sables; and there go the harpers and jongleurs, and the kings of the world. With these will I go, if only I may have Nicolette, my very sweet friend, with me.
Three times, in these short extracts, the word "courteous" has already appeared. The story itself is promised as "courteous"; Nicolette is "courteous"; and the ladies who are not to go to heaven are "courteous." Auca.s.sins is in the full tide of courtesy, and evidently a professional, or he never would have claimed a place for harpers and jongleurs with kings and chevaliers in the next world.
The poets of "courteous love" showed as little interest in religion as the poets of the eleventh century had shown for it in their poems of war. Auca.s.sins resembled Christian of Troyes in this, and both of them resembled Thibaut, while William of Lorris went beyond them all. The literature of the "siecle" was always unreligious, from the "Chanson de Roland" to the "Tragedy of Hamlet"; to be "papelard" was unworthy of a chevalier; the true knight of courtesy made nothing of defying the torments of h.e.l.l, as he defied the lance of a rival, the frowns of society, the threats of parents or the terrors of magic; the perfect, gentle, courteous lover thought of nothing but his love. Whether the object of his love were Nicolette of Beaucaire or Blanche of Castile, Mary of Champagne or Mary of Chartres, was a detail which did not affect the devotion of his worship.
So Nicolette, shut up in a vaulted chamber, leaned out at the marble window and sang, while Auca.s.sins, when his father promised that he should have a kiss from Nicolette, went out to make fabulous slaughter of the enemy; and when his father broke the promise, shut himself up in his chamber, and also sang; and the action went on by scenes and interludes, until, one night, Nicolette let herself down from the window, by the help of sheets and towels, into the garden, and, with a natural dislike of wetting her skirts which has delighted every hearer or reader from that day to this, "prist se vesture a l"une main devant et a l"autre deriere si s"escorca por le rousee qu"ele vit grande sor l"erbe si s"en ala aval le gardin"; she raised her skirts with one hand in front and the other behind, for the dew which she saw heavy on the gra.s.s, and went off down the garden, to the tower where Auca.s.sins was locked up, and sang to him through a crack in the masonry, and gave him a lock of her hair, and they talked till the friendly night-watch came by and warned her by a sweetly-sung chant, that she had better escape. So she bade farewell to Auca.s.sins, and went on to a breach in the city wall, and she looked through it down into the fosse which was very deep and very steep. So she sang to herself--
Peres rois de maeste Or ne sai quel part aler.
Se je vois u gaut rame Ja me mengeront li le Li lions et li sengler Dont il i a a plente.
Father, King of Majesty!
Now I know not where to flee.
If I seek the forest free, Then the lions will eat me, Wolves and wild boars terribly, Of which plenty there there be.
The lions were a touch of poetic licence, even for Beaucaire, but the wolves and wild boars were real enough; yet Nicolette feared even them less than she feared the Count, so she slid down what her audience well knew to be a most dangerous and difficult descent, and reached the bottom with many wounds in her hands and feet, "et san en sali bien en xii lius"; so that blood was drawn in a dozen places, and then she climbed up the other side, and went off bravely into the depths of the forest; an uncanny thing to do by night, as you can still see.
Then followed a pastoral, which might be taken from the works of another poet of the same period, whose acquaintance no one can neglect to make--Adam de la Halle, a Picard, of Arras. Adam lived, it is true, fifty years later than the date imagined for Auca.s.sins, but his shepherds and shepherdesses are not so much like, as identical with, those of the Southern poet, and all have so singular an air of life that the conventional courteous knight fades out beside them. The poet, whether bourgeois, professional, n.o.ble, or clerical, never much loved the peasant, and the peasant never much loved him, or any one else. The peasant was a cla.s.s by himself, and his trait, as a cla.s.s, was suspicion of everybody and all things, whether material, social, or divine. Naturally he detested his lord, whether temporal or spiritual, because the seigneur and the priest took his earnings, but he was never servile, though a serf; he was far from civil; he was commonly gross. He was cruel, but not more so than his betters; and his morals were no worse. The object of oppression on all sides,--the invariable victim, whoever else might escape,--the French peasant, as a cla.s.s, held his own--and more. In fact, he succeeded in plundering Church, Crown, n.o.bility, and bourgeoisie, and was the only cla.s.s in French history that rose steadily in power and well-being, from the time of the crusades to the present day, whatever his occasional suffering may have been; and, in the thirteenth century, he was suffering. When Nicolette, on the morning after her escape, came upon a group of peasants in the forest, tending the Count"s cattle, she had reason to be afraid of them, but instead they were afraid of her. They thought at first that she was a fairy. When they guessed the riddle, they kept the secret, though they risked punishment and lost the chance of reward by protecting her. Worse than this, they agreed, for a small present, to give a message to Auca.s.sins if he should ride that way.
Auca.s.sins was not very bright, but when he got out of prison after Nicolette"s escape, he did ride out, at his friends" suggestion, and tried to learn what had become of her. Pa.s.sing through the woods he came upon the same group of shepherds and shepherdesses:--
Esmeres et Martinet, Fruelins et Johannes, Robecons et Aubries,--
who might have been living in the Forest of Arden, so like were they to the clowns of Shakespeare. They were singing of Nicolette and her present, and the cakes and knives and flute they would buy with it.
Auca.s.sins jumped to the bait they offered him; and they instantly began to play him as though he were a trout:--
"Bel enfant, dix vos i ait!"
"Dix vos benie!" fait cil qui fu plus enparles des autres.
"Bel enfant," fait il, "redites le cancon que vos disiez ore!"
"Nous n"i dirons," fait cil qui plus fu enparles des autres. "Dehait ore qui por vos i cantera, biax sire!"
"Bel enfant!" fait Auca.s.sins, "enne me connissies vos?"
"Oil! nos savions bien que vos estes Auca.s.sins, nos damoisiax, mais nos ne somes mie a vos, ains somes au conte."
"Bel enfant, si feres, je vos en pri!"
"Os, por le cuer be!" fait cil. "Por quoi canteroie je por vos, s"il ne me seoit! Quant il n"a si rice home en cest pais sans le cors le conte Garin s"il trovait mes bues ne mes vaces ne mes brebis en ses pres n"en sen forment qu"il fust mie tant hardis por les es a crever qu"il les en ossast cacier. Et por quoi canteroie je por vos s"il ne me seoit?"
"Se dix vos ait, bel enfant, si feres! et tenes x sous que j"ai ci en une borse!"
"G.o.d bless you, fair child!" said Auca.s.sins.
"G.o.d be with you!" replied the one who talked best.
"Fair child!" said he, "repeat the song you were just singing."
"We won"t!" replied he who talked best among them. "Bad luck to him who shall sing for you, good sir!"
"Fair child," said Auca.s.sins, "do you know me?"
"Yes! we know very well that you are Auca.s.sins, our young lord; but we are none of yours; we belong to the Count."
"Fair child, indeed you"ll do it, I pray you!"
"Listen, for love of G.o.d!" said he. "Why should I sing for you if it does not suit me? when there is no man so powerful in this country, except Count Garin, if he found my oxen or my cows or my sheep in his pasture or his close, would not rather risk losing his eyes than dare to turn them out! and why should I sing for you, if it does not suit me!"
"So G.o.d help you, good child, indeed you will do it! and take these ten sous that I have here in my purse."
"Sire les deniers prenderons nos, mais je ne vos canterai mie, car j"en ai jure. Mais je le vos conterai se vos voles."
"De par diu!" faits Auca.s.sins. "Encore aim je mix center que nient."
"Sire, the money we will take, but I"ll not sing to you, for I"ve sworn it. But I will tell it you, if you like."
"For G.o.d"s sake!" said Auca.s.sins; "better telling than nothing!"
Ten sous was no small gift! twenty sous was the value of a strong ox. The poet put a high money-value on the force of love, but he set a higher value on it in courtesy. These boors were openly insolent to their young lord, trying to extort money from him, and threatening him with telling his father; but they were in their right, and Nicolette was in their power. At heart they meant Auca.s.sins well, but they were rude and grasping, and the poet used them in order to show how love made the true lover courteous even to clowns. Auca.s.sins" gentle courtesy is brought out by the boors"
greed, as the colours in the window were brought out and given their value by a bit of blue or green. The poet, having got his little touch of colour rightly placed, let the peasants go. "Cil qui fu plus enparles des autres," having been given his way and his money, told Auca.s.sins what he knew of Nicolette and her message; so Auca.s.sins put spurs to his horse and cantered into the forest, singing:--
Se diu plaist le pere fort Je vos reverai encore Suer, douce a-mie!
So please G.o.d, great and strong, I will find you now ere long, Sister, sweet friend!
But the peasant had singular attraction for the poet. Whether the character gave him a chance for some clever mimicry, which was one of his strong points as a story-teller: or whether he wanted to treat his subjects, like the legendary windows, in pairs; or whether he felt that the forest-scene specially amused his audience, he immediately introduced a peasant of another cla.s.s, much more strongly coloured, or deeply shadowed. Every one in the audience was--and, for that matter, still would be--familiar with the great forests, the home of half the fairy and nursery tales of Europe, still wild enough and extensive enough to hide in, although they have now comparatively few lions, and not many wolves or wild boars or serpents such as Nicolette feared. Every one saw, without an effort, the young damoiseau riding out with his hound or hawk, looking for game; the lanes under the trees, through the wood, or the thick underbrush before lanes were made; the herdsmen watching their herds, and keeping a sharp look-out for wolves; the peasant seeking lost cattle; the black kiln-men burning charcoal; and in the depths of the rocks or swamps or thickets--the outlaw. Even now, forests like Rambouillet, or Fontainebleau or Compiegne are enormous and wild; one can see Auca.s.sins breaking his way through thorns and branches in search of Nicolette, tearing his clothes and wounding himself "en xl lius u en x.x.x," until evening approached, and he began to weep for disappointment:--
Il esgarda devant lui enmi la voie si vit un vallet tei que je vos dirai. Grans estoit et mervellex et lais et hidex. Il avoit une grande hure plus noire qu"une carbouclee, et avoit plus de planne paume entre ii ex, et avoit unes grandes joes et un grandisme nez plat, et une grans narines lees et unes grosses levres plus rouges d"unes carbounees, et uns grans dens gaunes et lais et estoit caucies d"uns housiax et d"uns sollers de buef fretes de tille dusque deseure le genol et estoit afules d"une cape a ii envers si estoit apoiies sor une grande macue. Auca.s.sins s"enbati sor lui s"eut grand paor quant il le sorvit...
"Baix frere, dix ti ait!"
"Dix vos benie!" fait cil. "Se dix t"ait, que fais tu ilec?"
"A vos que monte?" fait cil.