BY CAPTAIN EVELYN BRIGGS BALDWIN
METEOROLOGIST PEARY EXPEDITION, 1893-4, SECOND-IN-COMMAND WELLMAN EXPEDITION 1898-9, AND ORGANIZER AND LEADER OF THE BALDWIN-ZIEGLER POLAR EXPEDITION, 1901-2, ETC.
I can prove the truth of Dr. Cook"s statements in regard to his discovery of the North Pole from Peary"s own official record of his last dash to the Northward.
So far as I can learn, Dr. Cook has never made a "confession" in regard to his trip to the Pole in the sense that he denied his first statements. He has merely said that, in view of the great difficulty in determining the exact location of the Pole, he may not have been exactly upon the northernmost pin-point of the world. Peary, under pressure at the Congressional investigation, was forced to admit the same.
For three hundred years there has been a rivalry among civilized men to be the first to reach the North Pole. I believe that the honor of having succeeded in the attempt should go--not to Peary--but to the man who reached the Pole a year before Peary claims to have been there.
Dr. Cook is now in New York City, and I have talked with him several times recently. With the information that I myself have gathered, I believe that he really did reach the Pole, or came so close to that point that he is ent.i.tled to the credit of the Pole"s discovery.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE LAND-DIVIDED ICE-PACK REPORTED BY PEARY PROVES COOK"S ATTAINMENT OF THE POLE]
Bradley Land is located between lat.i.tude 84 and 85. It was discovered by Cook in his Poleward march. The land ice, or glacial ice, which Cook also discovered, is located between lat.i.tude 87 and lat.i.tude 88.
Cook"s line of march carried him thirty or forty miles to the east of Bradley Land and then upon the glacial ice. The proximity to the new land gave Cook a favorable land-protected surface upon which to travel, and also afforded him protection from gales and from the consequent movements of the pack-ice westward of the new lands. Cook traveled in the lee of the groups of islands and over ice floes more stationary than the ice farther to the east, over which Peary traveled.
EVIDENCE OF COOK"S TRAVELS
A critical examination of Peary"s book not only reveals a remarkable corroboration of Cook"s discovery of Bradley Land and the glacial island north of it, but also seems to indicate the existence of islands farther west between the same parallels of lat.i.tude.
Referring to page 250, when beyond the 86th parallel, Peary says: "In this march there was some pretty heavy going. Part of the way was over some old floes, which had been broken up by many seasons of unceasing conflict with the winds and tides. Enclosing these more or less level floes were heavy pressure ridges over which we and the dogs were obliged to climb." In other words, the floes which Peary describes in this part of his journey clearly indicate that they were just such floes as one would expect to find after having pa.s.sed through a group of islands, and, therefore, contrasting naturally with the immense size of the floes which both Cook and Peary traversed north of the 88th parallel.
Beginning with page 258, we have a most instructive description by Peary of the ice between the parallels wherein Cook locates the glacial ice and upon which he traveled for two days. It is such ice as one would expect to find after having pa.s.sed around the north and south ends of an island from forty to sixty miles to the westward. This particular area Peary designates as a veritable "Arctic Phlegethon," and it is inconceivable to believe in this Phlegethon without also believing in the existence of the glacial ice, as located and described by Dr. Cook.
Let us, therefore, examine Peary"s narrative minutely. He says, on page 259, "When I awoke the following day, March 28, the sky was apparently clear; but, ahead of us, was a thick, smoky, ominous haze drifting low over the ice, and a bitter northeast wind, which, in the orthography of the Arctic, plainly spelled "Open Water"...."
Also, on the same page: "After traveling at a good rate for six hours along Bartlett"s trail, we came upon his camp beside a wide lead, with a dense black, watery sky to the northwest, north and northeast."
Again, on page 260: "... The break in the ice had occurred within a foot of the fastening of one of my dog teams, ... Bartlett"s igloo was moving east on the ice raft, which had broken, and beyond it, as far as the belching fog from the lead would let us see, there was nothing but black water."
Finally, on page 262, Peary says: "This last march had put us well beyond my record of three years before, probably 87 12". The following day, March 29, was not a happy one for us. Though we were all tired enough to rest, we did not enjoy picnicing beside this Arctic Phlegethon which, hour after hour, to the north, northeast and northwest, seemed to belch black smoke like a prairie fire.... Bartlett made a sounding of one thousand two hundred and sixty fathoms, but found no bottom."
In the foregoing we have positive proof that this almost open water area was not caused by shoals at that immediate point.
Peary"s concern as regards this big hole in the ice-pack is set forth further on page 265, as follows: "The entire region through which we had come during the last four marches was full of unpleasant possibilities for the future. Only too well we knew that violent winds, for only a few hours, would send the ice all abroad in every direction. Crossing such a zone on a journey north is only half the problem, for there is always the return to be figured on. Though the motto of the Arctic must be "Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof," we ardently hoped there might not be violent winds until we were south of this zone again on the return."
From this it is apparent that Peary realized fully the permanent character of this Phlegethon over which he was traveling. With astonishing persistency, he refers again and again to this particular locality. Quoting from page 303, when on his return march, he says: "There was one region just above the 87th parallel, a region about fifty-seven miles wide, which gave me a great deal of concern until we had pa.s.sed it. Twelve hours of strong wind blowing from any quarter excepting the north would have turned that region into an open sea. I breathed a sigh of relief when we left the 87th parallel behind."
And, as though the Phlegethon had not already been sufficiently described, on page 307 we find recorded: "Inspired by our good fortune we pressed on again completing two marches, and when we camped we were very near the 87th parallel. The entry that I made in my diary that night is perhaps worth quoting: "Hope to reach the Marvin Igloo (86 38") to-morrow. I shall be glad when we get there on to the big ice again. This region here was open water during February and the early part of March and is now covered with young ice which is thoroughly unreliable as a means of return. A few hours of a brisk wind east, west, or south, would make this entire region open water for some fifty to sixty miles north and south, and an unknown extent east and west. Only calm weather or a northerly wind keeps it practicable.""
ABSOLUTE PROOF OF COOK"S CLAIM
From the foregoing it is self-evident that Peary"s observations by s.e.xtant could not be more corroborative of Cook"s lat.i.tude than that the Phlegethon is proof of the existence of a glacial island between the same two parallels traversed by both explorers. Cook had discovered the _cause_, and Peary followed to discover the effect of that _cause_. To one familiar with the conditions of ice-floes in the vicinity of islands in the Arctic the reasons for this are as clear as it would be to the lay mind should it be suddenly announced that on a certain date an astronomer had discovered the head of a comet, which being doubted by rival investigators, might lead to the unhappy discrediting of the original discoverer; but should it be as suddenly announced that a rival astronomer had observed the tail of a comet in the same locality there would quite certainly follow a reversal of public sentiment.
EVIDENCE OF HIS TRAVELS
Of first importance also in proving the existence of new lands discovered by Cook is the evidence derived from the existence of animal life, since Arctic game clings close to the sh.o.r.e line in its search for food. Birds must find their nesting places on lands. Foxes live upon birds and the refuse left in the trails of polar bears and seals. Seals feed upon shrimps and find the chief source of food in waters close to the land. Polar bears in turn feed upon seals, and necessarily are found more numerously about lands or islands.
For this reason we will examine Peary"s official narrative of his journey north for evidence of Dr. Cook"s discovery of land to within 2 of the North Pole. Having noted Dr. Cook"s statement relative to the blow hole of a seal near Bradley Island, we will follow in Peary"s trail for corroboration of Cook"s journey eleven months previous, and a comparatively short distance westward of Peary"s line of march.
Referring to Peary"s "North Pole" on page 249, while in lat.i.tude 85 48"
he records:
"While we were engaged in this business we saw a seal disporting himself in the open water of the lead."
Still farther along, when in lat.i.tude 86 13", Peary states, on page 252: "Along the course of one of those leads we saw the fresh tracks of a polar bear going west."
ANIMAL TRAILS VERIFY COOK"S REPORT
Arctic travelers will well appreciate the force of this statement relative to the polar bear, who, scenting the land a few miles to the westward, was in search of seals. The freshness of the bear"s tracks is proof that it had not drifted on some ice floe from remote parts of the Arctic basin.
Again, referring to page 257, we find that Peary while traveling through deep snow March 28, records: "During the day we saw the tracks of two foxes in this remote and icy wilderness, nearly two hundred and forty nautical miles beyond the northern coast of Grant Land."
It is worthy of note that Peary does not state just how far from the glacial or land ice upon the submerged island over which Cook traveled the fox tracks were. But it is evident that the foxes were less than two sleeps from land, since Peary states that Marvin"s observation placed them in about lat.i.tude 86 38", the very lat.i.tude in which Cook traveled upon the stationary land ice.
Still again, page 307, while on his return march and near the 88th parallel Peary observes: "Here we noticed some fox tracks that had just been made. The animal was probably disturbed by our approach. These are the most northerly animal tracks ever seen."
Certainly. Why not? Since they were so near the northern termination of the land ice discovered by Dr. Cook. In this connection it is also important to remark that between lat.i.tude 88 and his approximate approach to the Pole, Dr. Cook makes no mention of animal life, and this is corroborated by Peary"s own statement that he observed no tracks of animals beyond the 88th parallel. Thus Peary corroborated Cook by the very absence of animal life in the very region where Cook states he saw no land.
PEARY"S STATEMENTS PROVE COOK"S
On Peary"s return journey he states that as they approached Grant Land the fresh tracks of foxes and other evidences of animal life were very numerous. And if the nearness of land was evidenced in this case it is also clear that the tracks and appearance of animals on his journey in the high lat.i.tudes should be given equal weight as evidence of the lands discovered by Cook.
The line of deep sea soundings taken by Peary from Cape Columbia northward indicates a steady increase in depth to lat.i.tude 84 24", where the lead touched bottom at eight hundred and twenty-five fathoms, until, in lat.i.tude 85 23", the sounding showed a depth of but three hundred and ten fathoms. Referring to this, we find that Peary says, on page 338 of his narrative: "This diminution in depth is a fact of considerable interest in reference to the possible existence of land to the westward."
It seems to me that it is not impertinent to remark that this land to the westward was scarcely two sleeps distant, as Dr. Cook has steadfastly maintained. Finally, on page 346, Peary says: "Taking various facts into consideration it would seem that an obstruction (lands, islands or shoals) containing nearly half a million square statute miles probably exists, and another at or near Crocker Land."
MORE ACCURATE OBSERVATIONS BY COOK THAN BY PEARY
And this is all that Dr. Cook claims in his location of land to the northward of the very Crocker Land to which Peary alludes.
As to Dr. Cook"s and Peary"s observations when in the immediate vicinity of the Pole, I would call attention to the following facts: Cook"s determination by the s.e.xtant of the sun"s alt.i.tude was made April 21, 1908; Peary"s final observations were taken April 7 of the following year. The sun being thus two weeks higher at the time Cook made his observations, he was able to secure a more accurate series of alt.i.tudes, and this will have an important bearing in substantiation of his claims.
Considering the difficulty which Peary has had in proving whether he was at 1.6 miles from the Pole on the Grant Land side or the Bering Strait side, and whether he was ten or fifteen miles away, I think Dr. Cook was justified in saying that, although he believed he was at the North Pole, he is not claiming that he had been exactly at the pin-point of the North Pole. At any rate, it places Dr. Cook in the position of endeavoring to tell the truth.
In this connection I feel like replying to a criticism which Mr.
Grosvenor, editor of the National Geographic Magazine, published over his own signature immediately following Dr. Cook"s return from the Pole.
"Cook"s story reads like that of a man who had filled his head with the contents of a few books on polar expeditions and especially the writings of Sverdrup."
ARMCHAIR CRITICISMS UNFAIR
Now, since Sverdrup is a real navigator, having accompanied Nansen during his three years" drift on the Fram, and, following this, having himself organized and led an expedition during three years to the westward of Grinnell Land, in the course of which he discovered and charted, in 1902, Heiberg Land and contiguous islands (which, however, Peary charted four years later and named Jessup Land), I do not consider Mr. Grosvenor"s armchair criticism of the writings of Capt. Sverdrup and of Dr. Cook quite in keeping with the principles of a square deal and fair play.