The welfare of the country, thousands of lives, and perhaps the destiny of the nation, is in his hands. How shall he arrange his corps? ought the troops to be ma.s.sed in the centre, or shall he concentrate them on the wings? shall he feel of the enemy with a division or two, or rush upon him like an avalanche? Can the enemy outflank him, or get upon his rear? What if the Rebels should pounce upon his ammunition and supply-trains? What is the position of the enemy? How large is his force? How many batteries has he? How much cavalry? What do the scouts report? Are the scouts to be believed? One says the enemy is retreating, another that he is advancing. What are the probabilities? A thousand questions arise which must be answered. The prospect of success must be carefully calculated. Human life must be thrown remorselessly into the scale. All the sorrows and the tears of wives, mothers, fathers, brothers, and sisters far away, who will mourn for the dead, must be forgotten. He must shut up all tender thoughts, and become an iron man.
Ah! it is not so fine a thing to be a general, perhaps, as you have imagined!
It is an incomplete, imperfect, and unsatisfactory look which you have taken of the machinery of a great army. But you can see that a very small thing may upset the best-laid plan of any commander. The cowardice of a regiment, the failure of an officer to do his duty, to be at a place at an appointed moment, the miscarriage of orders, a hundred things which you can think of, may turn a victory into a defeat. You can see that a great battle must be a grand and terrible affair; but though you may use all your powers of imagination in endeavoring to picture the positions of the troops,--how they look, how they act, how they stand amid the terrible storm, braying death, how they rush into the thickest fire, how they fall like the sere leaves of autumn,--you will fail in your conceptions of the conflict. You must see it, and be in it, to know what it is.
CHAPTER III.
THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN.
The first great battle of the war was fought near Bull Run, in Virginia.
There had been skirmishing along the Potomac, in Western Virginia, and Missouri; but upon the banks of this winding stream was fought a battle which will be forever memorable. The Rebels call it the battle of Mana.s.sas. It has been called also the battle of Stone Bridge and the battle of Warrenton Road.
Bull Run is a lazy, sluggish stream, a branch of the Occoquan River, which empties into the Potomac. It rises among the Bull Run Mountains, and flows southeast through Fairfax County. Just beyond the stream, as you go west from Washington, are the plains of Mana.s.sas,--level lands, which years ago waved with corn and tobacco, but the fields long since were worn out by the thriftless farming of the slaveholders, and now they are overgrown with thickets of pine and oak.
Two railroads meet upon the plains, one running northwest through the mountain gaps into the valley of the Shenandoah, and the other running from Alexandria to Richmond, Culpepper, and the Southwest. The junction, therefore, became an important place for Rebel military operations.
There, in June, 1861, General Beauregard mustered his army, which was to defeat the Union army and capture Washington. The Richmond newspapers said that this army would not only capture Washington, but would also dictate terms of peace on the banks of the Hudson. Hot-headed men, who seemed to have lost their reason through the influence of slavery and secession, thought that the Southern troops were invincible. They were confident that one Southerner could whip five Yankees. Ladies cheered them, called them chivalrous sons of the South, and urged them on to the field.
But General Beauregard, instead of advancing upon Washington, awaited an attack from the Union army, making Bull Run his line of defence, throwing up breastworks, cutting down trees, and sheltering his men beneath the thick growth of the evergreen pines.
The army of the Union, called the Army of the Potomac, a.s.sembled at Arlington Heights and Alexandria. General McDowell was placed in command. Half of his soldiers were men who had enlisted for three months, who had suddenly left their homes at the call of the President.
Their term of service had nearly expired. The three years" men had been but a few days in camp. Military duties were new. They knew nothing of discipline, but they confidently expected to defeat the enemy and move on to Richmond. Few people thought of the possibility of defeat.
Let us walk up the valley of Bull Run and notice its fords, its wooded banks, the scattered farm-houses, and fields of waving grain. Ten miles from the Occoquan we come to the railroad bridge. A mile farther up is McLean"s Ford; another mile carries us to Blackburn"s, and another mile brings us to Mitch.e.l.l"s. Above these are Island Ford, Lewis Ford, and Ball"s Ford. Three miles above Mitch.e.l.l"s there is a stone bridge, where the turnpike leading from Centreville to Warrenton crosses the stream.
Two miles farther up is a place called Sudley Springs,--a cl.u.s.ter of houses, a little stone church, a blacksmith"s shop. The stream there has dwindled to a brook, and gurgles over a rocky bed.
Going back to the stone bridge, and standing upon its parapet, you may look east to Centreville, about four miles distant, beautifully situated on a high ridge of land, but a very old, dilapidated place when you get to it. Going west from the bridge, you see upon your right hand a swell of land, and another at your left hand, south of the turnpike. A brook trickles by the roadside. Leaving the turnpike, and ascending the ridge on the north side, you see that towards Sudley Springs there are other swells of land, with wheat-fields, fences, scattered trees, and groves of pines and oaks. Looking across to the hill south of the turnpike, a half-mile distant, you see the house of Mr. Lewis, and west of it Mrs.
Henry"s, on the highest knoll. Mrs. Henry is an old lady, so far advanced in life that she is helpless. Going up the turnpike a mile from the bridge, you come to the toll-gate, kept by Mr. Mathey. A cross-road comes down from Sudley Springs, and leads south towards Mana.s.sas Junction, six miles distant. Leave the turnpike once more, and go northwest a half-mile, and you come to the farm of Mr. Dogan. There are farm-sheds and haystacks near his house.
This ground, from Dogan"s to the ridge east of the toll-gate, across the turnpike and the trickling brook to Mr. Lewis"s and Mrs. Henry"s, is the battle-field. You see it,--the ridges of land, the houses, haystacks, fences, knolls, ravines, wheat-fields, turnpike, and groves of oak and pine,--a territory about two miles square.
On Sat.u.r.day, June 20th, General Johnston, with nearly all the Rebel army of the Shenandoah, arrived at Mana.s.sas. Being General Beauregard"s superior officer, he took command of all the troops. He had about thirty thousand men.
On Thursday, General Richardson"s brigade of General McDowell"s army had a skirmish with General Longstreet"s brigade at Blackburn"s Ford, which the Rebels call the battle of Bull Run, while that which was fought on the 21st they call the battle of Mana.s.sas. General Beauregard expected that the attack would be renewed along the fords, and posted his men accordingly.
Going down to the railroad bridge, we see General Ewell"s brigade of the Rebel army on the western bank guarding the crossing. General Jones"s brigade is at McLean"s Ford. At Blackburn"s Ford is General Longstreet"s, and at Mitch.e.l.l"s Ford is General Bonham"s. Near by Bonham"s is General Earley"s, General Bartow"s, and General Holmes"s.
General Jackson"s is in rear of General Bonham"s. At Island Ford is General Bee and Colonel Hampton"s legion, also Stuart"s cavalry. At Ball"s Ford is General c.o.c.ke"s brigade. Above, at the Stone Bridge, is the extreme left of the Rebel army, General Evans"s brigade. General Elzey"s brigade of the Shenandoah army is on its way in the cars, and is expected to reach the battle-field before the contest closes. General Johnston has between fifty and sixty pieces of artillery and about one thousand cavalry.
General McDowell had also about thirty thousand men and forty-nine pieces of artillery. His army was in four divisions,--General Tyler"s, General Hunter"s, General Heintzelman"s, and General Miles"s. One brigade of General Tyler"s and General Miles"s division was left at Centreville to make a feint of attacking the enemy at Blackburn"s and Mitch.e.l.l"s Fords, and to protect the rear of the army from an attack by Generals Ewell and Jones. The other divisions of the army--five brigades, numbering eighteen thousand men, with thirty-six cannon--marched soon after midnight, to be ready to make the attack by sunrise on Sunday morning.
General Tyler, with General Keyes"s brigade, General Sherman"s, and General Schenck"s, marched down the turnpike towards the Stone Bridge, where General Evans was on the watch. General Tyler had twelve pieces of artillery,--two batteries, commanded by Ayer and Carlisle.
It is sunrise as they approach the bridge,--a calm, peaceful Sabbath morning. The troops leave the turnpike, march into a cornfield, and ascend a hill overlooking the bridge. As you stand there amid the ta.s.selled stalks, you see the stream rippling beneath the stone arches, and upon the other bank breastworks of earth and fallen trees. Half hid beneath the oaks and pines are the Rebel regiments, their gun-barrels and bayonets flashing in the morning light. Beyond the breastworks upon the knolls are the farm-houses of Mr. Lewis and Mrs. Henry.
Captain Ayer, who has seen fighting in Mexico, brings his guns upon the hill, wheels them into position, and sights them towards the breastworks. There is a flash, a puff of smoke, a screaming in the air, and then across the stream a handful of cloud bursts into view above the Rebel lines. The sh.e.l.l has exploded. There is a sudden movement of the Rebel troops. It is the first gun of the morning. And now, two miles down the Run, by Mitch.e.l.l"s Ford, rolling, echoing, and reverberating through the forests, are other thunderings. General Richardson has been waiting impatiently to hear the signal gun. He is to make a feint of attacking. His cannonade is to begin furiously. He has six guns, and all of them are in position, throwing solid shot and sh.e.l.ls into the wood where Longstreet"s men are lying.
All of Ayer"s guns are in play, hurling rifled shot and sh.e.l.ls, which scream like an unseen demon as they fly over the cornfield, over the meadow lands, to the woods and fields beyond the stream.
General Hunter and General Heintzelman, with their divisions, have left the turnpike two miles from Centreville, at Cub Run bridge, a rickety, wooden structure, which creaks and trembles as the heavy cannon rumble over. They march into the northwest, along a narrow road,--a round-about way to Sudley Springs. It is a long march. They started at two o"clock, and have had no breakfast. They waited three hours at Cub Run, while General Tyler"s division was crossing, and they are therefore three hours behind the appointed time. General McDowell calculated and intended to have them at Sudley Springs by six o"clock, but now it is nine. They stop a half-hour at the river-crossing to fill their canteens from the gurgling stream.
Looking south from the little stone church, you see clouds of dust floating over the forest-trees. The Rebels have discovered the movement, and are marching in hot haste to resist the impending attack. General Evans has left a portion of his command at Stone Bridge, and is hastening with the remainder to the second ridge of land north of the turnpike. He plants his artillery on the hill, and secretes his infantry in a thicket of pines. General Bee is on the march, so is General Bartow and General Jackson, all upon the double-quick. Rebel officers ride furiously, and shout their orders. The artillerymen lash their horses to a run. The infantry are also upon the run, sweating and panting in the hot sunshine. The noise and confusion increase. The booming deepens along the valley, for still farther down, by Blackburn"s Ford, Hunt"s battery is pouring its fire upon Longstreet"s, Jones"s, and Ewell"s men.
The Union troops at Sudley Springs move across the stream. General Burnside"s brigade is in advance. The Second Rhode Island infantry is thrown out, deployed as skirmishers. The men are five paces apart. They move slowly, cautiously, and nervously through the fields and thickets.
Suddenly, from bushes, trees, and fences there is a rattle of musketry.
General Evans"s skirmishers are firing. There are jets of flame and smoke, and a strange humming in the air. There is another rattle, a roll, a volley. The cannon join. The first great battle has begun.
General Hunter hastens to the spot, and is wounded almost at the first volley, and compelled to leave the field. The contest suddenly grows fierce. The Rhode Island boys push on to closer quarters, and the Rebels under General Evans give way from a thicket to a fence, from a fence to a knoll.
General Bee arrives with his brigade to help General Evans. You see him swing up into line west of Evans, towards the haystacks by Dogan"s house. He is in such a position that he can pour a fire upon the flank of the Rhode Island boys, who are pushing Evans. It is a galling fire, and the brave fellows are cut down by the raking shots from the haystacks. They are almost overwhelmed. But help is at hand. The Seventy-first New York, the Second New Hampshire, and the First Rhode Island, all belonging to Burnside"s brigade, move toward the haystacks.
They bring their guns to a level, and the rattle and roll begin. There are jets of flame, long lines of light, white clouds, unfolding and expanding, rolling over and over, and rising above the tree-tops. Wilder the uproar. Men fall, tossing their arms; some leap into the air, some plunge headlong, falling like logs of wood or lumps of lead. Some reel, stagger, and tumble; others lie down gently as to a night"s repose, unheeding the din, commotion, and uproar. They are bleeding, torn, and mangled. Legs, arms, bodies, are crushed. They see nothing. They cannot tell what has happened. The air is full of fearful noises. An unseen storm sweeps by. The trees are splintered, crushed, and broken as if smitten by thunderbolts. Twigs and leaves fall to the ground. There is smoke, dust, wild talking, shouting, hissings, howlings, explosions. It is a new, strange, unantic.i.p.ated experience to the soldiers of both armies, far different from what they thought it would be.
Far away, church-bells are tolling the hour of Sabbath worship, and children are singing sweet songs in many a Sunday school. Strange and terrible the contrast! You cannot bear to look upon the dreadful scene.
How horrible those wounds! The ground is crimson with blood. You are ready to turn away, and shut the scene forever from your sight. But the battle must go on, and the war must go on till the wicked men who began it are crushed, till the honor of the dear old flag is vindicated, till the Union is restored, till the country is saved, till the slaveholder is deprived of his power, and till freedom comes to the slave. It is terrible to see, but you remember that the greatest blessing the world ever received was purchased by blood,--the blood of the Son of G.o.d. It is terrible to see, but there are worse things than war. It is worse to have the rights of men trampled in the dust; worse to have your country destroyed, to have justice, truth, and honor violated. You had better be killed, torn to pieces by cannon-shot, than lose your manhood, or yield that which makes you a man. It is better to die than give up that rich inheritance bequeathed us by our fathers, and purchased by their blood.
The battle goes on. General Porter"s brigade comes to the aid of Burnside, moving towards Dogan"s house. Jackson"s Rebel brigade is there to meet him. Arnold"s battery is in play,--guns pouring a constant stream of shot and sh.e.l.ls upon the Rebel line. The Washington Artillery, from New Orleans, is replying from the hill south of Dogan"s. Other Rebel batteries are cutting Burnside"s brigade to pieces. The men are all but ready to fall back before the terrible storm. Burnside sends to Porter for help,--he asks for the brave old soldiers, the regulars, who have been true to the flag of their country, while many of their former officers have been false. They have been long in the service, and have had many fierce contests with the Indians on the Western plains. They are as true as steel. Captain Sykes commands them. He leads the way. You see them, with steady ranks, in the edge of the woods east of Dogan"s house. They have been facing southwest, and now they turn to the southeast. They pa.s.s through the grove of pines, and enter the open field. They are cut through and through with solid shot, sh.e.l.ls burst around them, men drop from the ranks, but the battalion does not falter.
It sweeps on close up to the cloud of flame and smoke rolling from the hill north of the turnpike. Their muskets come to a level. There is a click, click, click, along the line. A broad sheet of flame, a white, sulphurous cloud, a deep roll like the angry growl of thunder. There is sudden staggering in the Rebel ranks. Men whirl round, and drop upon the ground. The line wavers, and breaks. They run down the hill, across the hollows, to another knoll. There they rally, and hold their ground a while. Hampton"s legion and c.o.c.ke"s brigade come to their support.
Fugitives are brought back by the officers, who ride furiously over the field. There is a lull, and then the strife goes on, a rattling fire of musketry, and a continual booming of the cannonade.
General Heintzelman"s division was in rear of General Hunter"s on the march. When the battle begun the troops were several miles from Sudley Church. They were parched with thirst, and when they reached the stream they, too, stopped and filled their canteens. Burnside"s and Porter"s brigades were engaged two hours before Heintzelman"s division reached the field. Eight regiments had driven the Rebels from their first position.
General Heintzelman marched upon the Rebels west of Dogan"s house. The Rebel batteries were on a knoll, a short distance from the toll-gate.
Griffin and Ricketts opened upon them with their rifled guns. Then came a great puff of smoke. It was a Rebel caisson blown up by one of Griffin"s sh.e.l.ls. It was a continuous, steady artillery fire. The gunners of the Rebel batteries were swept away by the unerring aim of Griffin"s gunners. They changed position again and again, to avoid the shot. Mingled with the constant crashing of the cannonade was an irregular firing of muskets, like the pattering of rain-drops upon a roof. At times there was a quicker rattle, and heavy rolls, like the fall of a great building.
General Wilc.o.x swung his brigade round upon Jackson"s flank. The Rebel general must retreat or be cut off, and he fell back to the toll-gate, to the turnpike, across it, in confusion, to the ridge by Mrs. Henry"s.
Evans"s, Bee"s, Bartow"s, and c.o.c.ke"s brigades, which have been trying to hold their ground against Burnside and Porter"s brigades, by this movement are also forced back to Mr. Lewis"s house. The Rebels do not all go back. There are hundreds who rushed up in hot haste in the morning lying bleeding, torn, mangled, upon the wooded slopes. Some are prisoners.
I talked with a soldier of one of the Virginia regiments. We were near the Stone Bridge. He was a tall, athletic young man, dressed in a gray uniform trimmed with yellow braid.
"How many soldiers have you on the field?" I asked.
"Ninety thousand."
"Hardly that number, I guess."
"Yes, sir. We have got Beauregard"s and Johnston"s armies. Johnston came yesterday and a whole lot more from Richmond. If you whip us to-day, you will whip nigh to a hundred thousand."
"Who is in command?"
"Jeff Davis."
"I thought Beauregard was in command."
"Well, he was; but Jeff Davis is on the field now. I know it; for I saw him just before I was captured. He was on a white horse."
While talking, a sh.e.l.l screamed over our heads and fell in the woods.
The Rebel batteries had opened again upon our position. Another came, and we were compelled to leave the spot.