The prisoner may have been honest in his statements. It requires much judgment to correctly estimate large armies. He was correct in saying that Jeff Davis was there. He was on the ground, watching the progress of the battle, but taking no part. He arrived in season to see the close of the contest.
After Burnside and Porter had driven Evans, Bee, and Bartow across the turnpike, General Sherman and General Keyes crossed Bull Run above the Stone Bridge and moved straight down the stream. Schenck"s brigade and Ayer"s and Carlisle"s batteries were left to guard the rear.
Perhaps you had a brother or a father in the Second New Hampshire, or in the Seventy-first New York, or in some other regiment; or perhaps when the war is over you may wish to visit the spot and behold the ground where the first great battle was fought. You will wish to see just where they stood. Looking, then, along the line at one o"clock, you see nearest the stream General Keyes"s brigade, composed of the First, Second, and Third Connecticut regiments and the Fourth Maine. Next is Sherman"s brigade, composed of the Sixty-ninth and Seventy-ninth New York Militia, the Thirteenth New York Volunteers, and the Second Wisconsin. Between these and the toll-gate you see first, as you go west, Burnside"s brigade, composed of the First and Second Rhode Island, the Seventy-first New York Militia, and the Second New Hampshire, and the Second Rhode Island battery; extending to the toll-house is Porter"s brigade. He has Sykes"s battalion of regulars, and the Eighth and Fourteenth regiments of New York Militia and Arnold"s battery. Crossing the road which comes down from Sudley Springs, you see General Franklin"s brigade, containing the Fifth Ma.s.sachusetts Militia, the First Minnesota Volunteers, and the Fourth Pennsylvania Militia. Next you come to the men from Maine and Vermont, the Second, Fourth, and Fifth Maine, and the Second Vermont, General Howard"s brigade. Beyond, upon the extreme right, is General Wilc.o.x with the First Michigan and the Eleventh New York. Griffin"s and Rickett"s batteries are near at hand. There are twenty-four regiments and twenty-four pieces of artillery. There are two companies of cavalry. If we step over to the house of Mr. Lewis, we shall find General Johnston and General Beauregard in anxious consultation. General Johnston has sent officers in hot haste for reinforcements. Brigades are arriving out of breath,--General c.o.c.ke"s, Holmes"s, Longstreet"s, Earley"s. Broken regiments, fragments of companies, and stragglers are collected and brought into line. General Bonham"s brigade is sent for. All but General Ewell"s and General Jones"s; they are left to prevent General Miles from crossing at Blackburn"s Ford and attacking the Rebel army in the rear.
General Johnston feels that it is a critical moment. He has been driven nearly two miles. His flank has been turned. His loss has been very great, and his troops are beginning to be disheartened. They have changed their opinions of the Yankees.
General Johnston has Barley"s brigade, composed of the Seventh and Twenty-fourth Virginia, and the Seventh Louisiana; Jackson"s brigade, composed of the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Twenty-seventh, and Thirty-third Virginia, and the Thirteenth Mississippi; Bee"s and Bartow"s brigades united, composed of two companies of the Eleventh Mississippi, Second Mississippi, First Alabama, Seventh and Eighth Georgia; c.o.c.ke"s brigade, the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-eighth Virginia, seven companies of the Eighth, and three of the Forty-ninth Virginia; Evans"s brigade, composed of Hampton"s legion, Fourth South Carolina, and Wheat"s Louisiana battalion; Holmes"s brigade, composed of two regiments of Virginia infantry, the First Arkansas, and the Second Tennessee. Two regiments of Bonham"s brigade, and Elzey"s brigade were brought in before the conflict was over. Putting the detached companies into regiments, Johnston"s whole force engaged in this last struggle is thirty-five regiments of infantry, and about forty pieces of artillery, all gathered upon the ridge by Mr. Lewis"s and Mrs. Henry"s.
There is marching to and fro of regiments. There is not much order.
Regiments are scattered. The lines are not even. This is the first battle, and officers and men are inexperienced. There are a great many stragglers on both sides; more, probably, from the Rebel ranks than from McDowell"s army, for thus far the battle has gone against them. You can see them scattered over the fields, beyond Mr. Lewis"s.
The fight goes on. The artillery crashes louder than before. There is a continuous rattle of musketry. It is like the roaring of a hail-storm.
Sherman and Keyes move down to the foot of the hill, near Mr. Lewis"s.
Burnside and Porter march across the turnpike. Franklin and Howard and Wilc.o.x, who have been pushing south, turn towards the southeast. There are desperate hand-to-hand encounters. Cannon are taken and retaken.
Gunners on both sides are shot while loading their pieces. Hundreds fall, and other hundreds leave the ranks. The woods toward Sudley Springs are filled with wounded men and fugitives, weak, thirsty, hungry, exhausted, worn down by the long morning march, want of sleep, lack of food, and the excitement of the hour.
Across the plains, towards Mana.s.sas, are other crowds,--disappointed, faint-hearted, defeated soldiers, fleeing for safety.
"We are defeated!"
"Our regiments are cut to pieces!"
"General Bartow is wounded and General Bee is killed!"
Thus they cry, as they hasten towards Mana.s.sas.[3] Officers and men in the Rebel ranks feel that the battle is all but lost. Union officers and men feel that it is almost won.
[Footnote 3: Rebel reports in Rebellion Record.]
The Rebel right wing, far out upon the turnpike, has been folded back upon the centre; the centre has been driven in upon the left wing, and the left wing has been pushed back beyond Mr. Lewis"s house. Griffin"s and Rickett"s batteries, which had been firing from the ridge west of the toll-gate, were ordered forward to the knoll from which the Rebel batteries had been driven.
"It is too far in advance," said General Griffin.
"The Fire Zouaves will support you," said General Barry.
"It is better to have them go in advance till we come into position; then they can fall back," Griffin replied.
"No; you are to move first, those are the orders. The Zouaves are already to follow on the double-quick."
"I will go; but, mark my words, they will not support me."
The battery galloped over the fields, descended the hill, crossed the ravine, advancing to the brow of the hill near Mrs. Henry"s, followed by Rickett"s battery, the Fire Zouaves, and the Fourteenth New York. In front of them, about forty or fifty rods distant, were the Rebel batteries, supported by infantry. Griffin and Ricketts came into position, and opened a fire so terrible and destructive that the Rebel batteries and infantry were driven beyond the crest of the hill.
The field was almost won. Read what General Johnston says: "The long contest against fivefold odds, and heavy losses, especially of field officers, had greatly discouraged the troops of General Bee and Colonel Evans. The aspect of affairs was critical."
The correspondent of the Charleston Mercury writes: "When I entered on the field at two o"clock, the fortunes of the day were dark. The remnants of the regiments, so badly injured or wounded and worn, as they staggered out gave gloomy pictures of the scene. We could not be routed, perhaps, but it is doubtful whether we were destined to a victory."
The correspondent of the Richmond Despatch writes: "Fighting for hours under a hot sun, without a drop of water near, the conduct of our men could not be excelled; but human endurance has its bounds, _and all seemed about to be lost_."
The battle surges around the house of Mrs. Henry. She is lying there amidst its thunders. Rebel sharpshooters take possession of it, and pick off Rickett"s gunners. He turns his guns upon the house. Crash! crash!
crash! It is riddled with grape and canister. Sides, roof, doors, and windows are pierced, broken, and splintered. The bed-clothes are cut into rags, and the aged woman instantly killed. The Rebel regiments melt away. The stream of fugitives toward Mana.s.sas grows more dense. Johnston has had more men and more guns engaged than McDowell; but he has been steadily driven. But Rebel reinforcements arrive from an unexpected quarter,--General Smith"s brigade, from the Shenandoah. It comes into action in front of Wilc.o.x. There are from two to three thousand men.
General Smith is wounded almost at the first fire, and Colonel Elzey takes command. General Bonham sends two regiments, the Second and Eighth South Carolina. They keep south of Mrs. Henry"s, and march on till they are in position to fire almost upon the backs of Griffin"s and Rickett"s gunners. They march through a piece of woods, reach the top of the hill, and come into line. Captain Imboden, of the Rebel battery, who is replying to Griffin, sees them. Who are they? He thinks they are Yankees flanking him. He wheels his guns, and is ready to cut them down with grape and canister. Captain Griffin sees them, and wheels his guns.
Another instant, and he will sweep them away. He believes them to be Rebels. His gunners load with grape and canister.
"Do not fire upon them; they are your supports!" shouts Major Barry, riding up.
"No, sir; they are Rebels."
"They are your supports, just ordered up."
"As sure as the world, they are Rebels."
"You are mistaken, Captain; they are your supports."
The cannoneers stand ready to pull the lanyards, which will send a tornado through those ranks.
"Don"t fire!" shouts the Captain.
The guns are wheeled again towards Mrs. Henry"s, and the supposed supports are saved from destruction at the hand of Captain Griffin.
Captain Imboden, before ordering his men to fire upon the supposed Yankees, gallops nearer to them, to see who they are. He sees them raise their guns. There is a flash, a rattle and roll. Griffin"s and Rickett"s men and their horses go down in an instant! They rush on with a yell.
There is sharp, hot, decisive work. Close musket-shots and sabre-strokes. Men are trampled beneath the struggling horses.
There are shouts and hurrahs. The few soldiers remaining to support Griffin and Rickett fire at the advancing Rebel brigade, but the contest is unequal; they are not able to hold in check the three thousand fresh troops. They fall back. The guns are in the hands of the Rebels. The day is lost. At the very moment of victory the line is broken. In an instant all is changed. A moment ago we were pressing on, but now we are falling back. Quick almost as the lightning"s flash is the turning of the tide.
All through a mistake! So great events sometimes hang on little things.
The unexpected volley, the sudden onset, the vigorous charge, the falling back, produces confusion in the Union ranks. Officers and men, generals and soldiers alike, are confounded. By a common impulse they begin to fall back across the turnpike. Unaccountably to themselves, and to the Rebel fugitives streaming towards Mana.s.sas, they lose strength and heart. The falling back becomes a retreat, a sudden panic and a rout. Regiments break and mix with others. Soldiers drop their guns and cartridge-boxes, and rush towards the rear.
I had watched the tide of battle through the day. Everything was favorable. The heat was intense, and I was thirsty. A soldier came past with a back-load of canteens freshly filled.
[Ill.u.s.tration: BULL RUN BATTLE-GROUND, July 21, 1861.
1 Stone Bridge.
2 Sudley Springs.
3 Toll-gate kept by Mr. Mathey.
4 Mr. Dogan"s house.
5 Mrs. Henry"s.
6 Mr. Lewis"s.
7 Wilc.o.x"s, Howard"s, and Franklin"s brigades.
8 Porter"s and Burnside"s brigades.
9 Sherman"s and Keyes"s brigades.
10 Griffin"s and Rickett"s batteries.
11 Rebel reinforcements which fired upon Griffin.
12 Position of Rebel army when the Union line gave way.
13 Ridge where the battle began.]
"Where did you find the water?"
"Over there in the woods, in the rear of Schenck"s brigade."