By now they knew from the bombardment, if not from other sources, that a British attack was coming at some point of the line. Their flares were playing steadily over No Man"s Land to reveal any movement by the British or the French. From their trenches rose signal rockets--the only real fireworks, leisurely and innocent, without any sting of death in their sparks--which seemed to be saying "No movement yet" to commanders who could not be reached by any other means through the curtains of fire and to artillerists who wanted to turn on their own curtains of fire instantly the charge started. Then there were other little flashes and darts of light and flame which insisted on adding their moiety to the garish whole. And under the German trenches at several points were vast charges of explosives which had been patiently borne under ground through arduously made tunnels.
So much for the machinery of material. Thus far we have mentioned only guns and explosions, things built of steel to fire missiles of steel and things on wheels, and little about the machine of human beings now to come abreast of the tape for the charge, the men who had been "blooded,"
the "cannon fodder." Every sh.e.l.l was meant for killing men; every German battery and machine gun was a monster frothing red at the lips in antic.i.p.ation of slaughter.
A fury of trench raids broke out from the Somme to Ypres further to confuse the enemy as to the real front of attack. Men rushed the trenches which they were to take and hold later, and by their brief visit learned whether or not the barbed wire had been properly cut to give the great charge a clear pathway and whether or not the German trenches were properly mashed. They brought in prisoners whose identification and questioning were invaluable to the intelligence branch, where the big map on the wall was filled in with the location of German divisions, thus building up the order of battle, so vital to all plans, with its revelation of the disposition and strength of the enemy"s forces. It was known that the Germans were rapidly bringing up new batteries north of the Ancre while low visibility postponed the day of the attack.
The men that worked on the new roads keeping them in condition for the pa.s.sage of the heavy transport, whether columns of motor trucks, or caissons, or the great tractors drawing guns, were no less a part of the scheme than the daring raiders. Every soldier who was going over the parapet in the attack must have his food and drink and bombs to throw and cartridges to fire after he had reached his objective.
Most telling of all the innumerably suggestive features to me were the streets of empty white tents at the casualty clearing stations, and the empty hospital cars on the railway sidings, and the new enclosures for prisoners--for these spoke the human note. These told that man was to be the target.
The staff might plan, gunners might direct their fire accurately against unseen targets by the magic of their calculations, generals might prepare their orders, the intricate web of telephone and telegraph wires might hum with directions, but the final test lay with him who, rifle and bomb ready in hand, was going to cross No Man"s Land and take possession of the German trenches. A thousand pictures cloud the memory and make a whole intense in one"s mind, which holds all proudly in admiration of human stoicism, discipline and spirit and sadly, too, with a conscious awe in the possession as of some treasure intrusted to him which he cheapens by his clumsy effort at expression.
Stage by stage the human part had moved forward. Khaki figures were swarming the village streets while the people watched them with a sort of worshipful admiration of their stalwart, trained bodies and a sympathetic appreciation of what was coming. These men with their fair complexion and strange tongue were to strike against the Germans. Two things the French had learned about the English: they were generous and they were just, though phlegmatic. Now they were to prove that with their methodical deliberation they were brave. Some would soon die in battle--and for France.
By day they loitered in the villages waiting on the coming of darkness, their training over--nothing to do now but wait. If they went forward it was by platoons or companies, lest they make a visible line on the chalky background of the road to the aviator"s eye. A battalion drawn up in a field around a battalion commander, sitting his horse st.u.r.dily as he gave them final advice, struck home the military affection of loyalty of officer to man and man to officer. A soldier parting at a doorway from a French girl in whose eyes he had found favor during a brief residence in her village struck another chord. That elderly woman with her good-by to a youth was speaking as she would to her own son who was at the front and unconsciously in behalf of some English mother. Up near the trenches at dusk, in the last billet before the a.s.sembly for attack, company officers were recalling the essentials of instructions to a line standing at ease at one side of the street while caissons of sh.e.l.ls had the right of way.
With the coming of night battalions of reserves formed and set forth on the march, going toward the flashes in the heavens which illumined the men in their steady tramp, the warmth of their bodies and their breaths pressing close to your car as you turned aside to let them pa.s.s. "East Surreys," or "West Ridings," or "Manchesters" might come the answer to inquiries. All had the emblems of their units in squares of cloth on their shoulders, and on the backs of some of the divisions were bright yellow or white patches to distinguish them from Germans to the gunners in the sh.e.l.l-smoke.
Nothing in their action at first glance indicated the stress of their thoughts. Officers and men, their physical movements set by the mold of discipline, were in gesture, in voice, in manner the same as when they were on an English road in training. This was a part of the drill, a part of man"s mastery of his emotions. None were under any illusions as soldiers of other days had been. Few nursed the old idea of being the lucky man who would escape. They knew the chances they were taking, the meaning of frontal attacks and of the murderous and wholesale quickness of machine gun methods.
Will, organized human will, was in their steps and shining out of their eyes. It occurred to me that they might have escaped this if England had kept out of the war at the price of something with which Englishmen refused to part. "The day" was coming, "the day" they had foreseen, "the day" for which their people waited.
When they were closing in with death, the clans which make up the British Empire kept faith with their character as do all men. These battalions sang the songs and whistled the tunes of drill grounds at home, though in low notes lest the enemy should hear, and lapsed into silence when they drew near the front and filed through the communication trenches.
Quiet the English, that great body of the army which sees itself as the skirt for the Celtic fringe, ploddingly undemonstrative with memories of the phlegm of their history holding emotions unexpressed; the Scotch in their kilts, deep-chested, with their trunk-like legs and broad hips, braw of face under their mushroom helmets, seemed like mediaeval men of arms ready in spirit as well as looks for fierce hand-to-hand encounters; the Welsh, more emotional than the English, had songs which were pleasant to the ear if the words were unrecognizable; and the ruddy-faced Irish, with their soft voices, had a beam in their eyes of inward antic.i.p.ation of the sort of thing to come which no Irishman ever meets in a hesitating mood. No overseas troops were there except the Newfoundland battalion; for only sons of the old country were to strike on July 1st.
Returning from a tour at night I had absorbed what seemed at one moment the unrealness and at another the stern, unyielding reality of the scenes. The old French territorial, with wrinkled face and an effort at a military mustache, who came out of his sentry box at a control post squinting by the light of a lantern held close to his nose at the bit of paper which gave the bearer freedom of the army and nodding with his polite word of concurrence, was a type who might have stopped a traveler in Louis XIV."s time. All the farmers sleeping in the villages who would be up at dawn at their work, all the people in Amiens, knew that the hour was near. The fact was in the air no less than in men"s minds.
n.o.body mentioned that the greatest struggle of the war was about to begin. We all knew that it was in hearts, souls, fiber.
There were moments when imagination gave to that army in its integrity of organization only one heart in one body. Again, it was a million hearts in a million bodies, deaf except to the voice of command. Most amazing was the absence of fuss whether with the French or the British.
Everybody seemed to be doing what he was told to do and to know how to do it. With much to be left to improvisation after the attack began, nothing might be neglected in the course of preparation.
In other days where infantry on the march deployed and brought up suddenly against the enemy in open conflict the antic.i.p.atory suspense was not long and was forgotten in the brief s.p.a.ce of conflict. Here this suspense really had been c.u.mulative for months. It built itself up, little by little, as the material and preparations increased, as the battalions a.s.sembled, until sometimes, despite the roar of the artillery, there seemed a great silence while you waited for a string, drawn taut, to crack.
On the night of June 30th the word was pa.s.sed behind a closed door in the hotel that seven-thirty the next morning was the hour and the spectators should be called at five--which seemed the final word in staff prevision.
V
THE BLOW
Plans at headquarters--A battle by inches--In the observation post--The debris of a ruined village--"Softening" by sh.e.l.l fire--A slice out of the front--The task of the infantryman--The dawn before the attack--Five minutes more--A wave of men twenty-five miles long--Mist and sh.e.l.l-smoke--Duty of the war-correspondent.
I was glad to have had glimpses of every aspect of the preparation from battalion headquarters in the front line trenches to General Headquarters, which had now been moved to a smaller town near the battlefield where the intelligence branch occupied part of a schoolhouse. In place of exercises in geography and lithographs of natural history objects, on the schoolroom walls hung charts of the German Order of Battle, as built up through many sources of information, which the British had to face. There was no British Order of Battle in sight. This, as the Germans knew it, you might find in a German intelligence office; but the British were not going to aid the Germans in ascertaining it by giving it any publicity.
By means of a map spread out on a table an officer explained the plan of attack with reference to broad colored lines which denoted the objectives. The whole was as explicit as if Bonaparte had said:
"We shall engage heavily on our left, pound the center with our artillery, and flank on our right."
The higher you go in the command the simpler seem the plans which by direct and comprehensive strokes conceal the detail which is delegated down through the different units. At Gommecourt there was a salient, an angle of the German trench line into the British which seemed to invite "pinching," and this was to be the pivot of the British movement. The French who were on both sides of the Somme were to swing in from their southern flank of attack near Soyecourt in the same fashion as the British from the northern, thus bringing the deepest objective along the river in the direction of Peronne, which would fall when eventually the tactical positions commanding it were gained.
Not with the first rush, for the lines of the objective were drawn well short of it, but with later rushes the British meant to gain the irregular ridge formation from Thiepval to Longueval, which would start them on the way to the consummation of their siege hammering. It was to be a battle by inches; the beginning of a long task. German _morale_ was still high on the Western front; their numbers immense. _Morale_ could be broken, numbers worn down, only by pounding.
Granted that the attack of July 1st should succeed all along the line, it would gain little ground; but it would everywhere break through the first line fortifications over a front of more than twenty-five miles, the British for about fifteen and the French for about ten. The soldierly informant at "Intelligence" reminded the listener, too, that battalions which might be squeezed or might run into unexpected obstacles would suffer fearfully as in all great battles and one must be careful not to be over-depressed by the accounts of the survivors or over-elated by the roseate narratives of battalions which had swept all before them with slight loss.
The day before I saw the map of the whole I had seen the map of a part at an Observation Post at Auchonvillers. The two were alike in a standardized system, only one dealt with corps and the other with battalions. A trip to Auchonvillers at any time during the previous year or up to the end of June, 1916, had not been fraught with any particular risk. It was on the "joy-riders"" route, as they say.
When I said that the German batteries were making relatively little reply to the preliminary British bombardment I did not mean to imply that they were missing any opportunities. At the dead line for automobiles on the road the burst of a shrapnel overhead had a suggestiveness that it would not have had at other times. Perhaps the Germans were about to put a barrage on the road. Perhaps they were going to start their guns in earnest. Happily, they have always been most considerate where I was concerned and they were only throwing in a few sh.e.l.ls in the course of artillery routine, which happened also on our return from the Observation Post. But they were steadily attentive with "krumps" to a grove where some British howitzers sought the screen of summer foliage. If they could put any batteries out of action while they waited for the attack this was good business, as it meant fewer guns at work in support of the British charge.
An artilleryman, perspiring and mud-spattered from sh.e.l.l-bursts, who came across the fields, said: "They knocked off the corner of our gun-pit and got two men. That"s all." His eyes were shining; he was in the elation of battle. Casualties were an incident in the preoccupation of his work and of the thought: "At last we have the sh.e.l.ls! At last it is our turn!"
On our way forward we pa.s.sed more batteries and wisely kept to the open away from them, as they are dangerous companions in an artillery duel.
Then we stepped into the winding communication trench with its system of wires fast to the walls, and kept on till we pa.s.sed under a lifted curtain into a familiar chamber roofed with heavy cement blocks and earth.
"Safe from a direct hit by five-point-nines," said the observation officer, a regular promoted from the ranks who had been "spotting"
sh.e.l.ls since the war began. "A nine-inch would break the blocks, but I don"t think that it would do us in."
Even if it did "do us in," why, we were only two or three men. All this protection was less perhaps to insure safety than to insure security of observation for these eyes of the guns. The officer was as proud of his O.P. as any battalion commander of his trench or a battery commander of his gun-position, which is the same kind of human pride that a man has in the improvements on his new country estate.
There was a bench to sit on facing the narrow observation slit, similar to that of a battleship"s conning tower, which gave a wide sweep of vision. A commonplace enough _mise-en-scene_ on average days, now significant because of the stretch of dead world of the trench systems and No Man"s Land which was soon to be seething with the tumult of death.
Directly in front of us was Beaumont-Hamel. Before the war it had been like hundreds of other villages. Since the war its ruins were like scores of others in the front line. Parts of a few walls were standing.
It was difficult to tell where the debris of Beaumont-Hamel began and that of the German trench ended. Dust was mixed with the black bursts of smoke rising from the conglomerate ma.s.s of buildings and streets thrown together by previous explosions. The effect suggested the regular spout of geysers from a desert rock crushed by charges of dynamite.
Could anybody be alive in Beaumont-Hamel? Wasn"t this bombardment threshing straw which had long since yielded its last kernel of grain?
Wasn"t it merely pounding the graves of a garrison? Other villages, equally pa.s.sive and derelict, were being submitted to the same systematic pounding, which was like timed hammer-beats.
"We keep on softening them," said the observer.
Soldiers have a gift for apt words to describe their work, as have all professional experts. Softening! It personified the enemy as something hard and tough which would grow pulpy under enough well-mapped blows striking at every vital part from dugouts to billets.
All the barbed-wire entanglements in front of the first-line trenches appeared to be cut, mangled, twisted into b.a.l.l.s, beaten back into the earth and exhumed again, leaving only a welt of crater-spotted ground in front of the chalky contour of the first-line trenches which had been mashed and crushed out of shape.
"Yes, the Boche"s first line looks rather messy," said the officer.
"We"ve been giving him an awful doing these last few days. Turning our attention mostly to the second line, now. That"s our lot, there," he added, indicating a cl.u.s.ter of bursts over a nest of burrows farther up on the hillside.
"Any attempts to repair their wire at night?" I asked.
"No. They have to do it under our machine gun fire. Any Boches who have survived are lying doggo."
How many dugouts were still intact and secure refuges for the waiting Germans? Only trench raids could ascertain. As well might the observer with his gla.s.ses or an aeroplane looking down try to take a census of the number of inhabitants of a prairie dog village who were all in their holes.
The officer spread out his map marked "Secret and confidential,"
delimiting the boundaries of a narrow sector. He had nothing to do with what lay to the right and left--other sectors, other men"s business--of the area inclosed in the clear, heavy lines crosswise of British and German trenches--a slice out of the front, as it were. Speaking over the telephone to the blind guns, he was interested only in the control of gunfire in this sector. The charge to him was lines on the map parallel with the trenches which would be at given points at given moments--lines which he must support when their soldier counterparts were invisible through the sh.e.l.l-smoke in the nice calculation of time and range which should put the sh.e.l.ls into the enemy and never into the charging man.