This forcible expulsion of the Archbishop was an act of political folly, as being tantamount to a declaration that he was too good a man to countenance the designs of those who had usurped an unjust dominion over his flock. Had the promises of Chili been carried out in their integrity, both the Archbishop and his clergy would have used all their influence to promote the cause of liberty--not more from interest than inclination. The expression of the Archbishop, that "the independence of Peru was _for ever_ sealed," was, however, erroneous. Tyranny is not composed of enduring materials.
The Bishop of Guamanga, who resided at Lima, was also ordered to leave Peru within eight days, without reason a.s.signed, and thus the opposition of the Church was got rid of, though not without deep feeling on the part of the Limenos, who were, however, powerless to help their clergy or themselves.
The affairs of the squadron becoming every day worse, and a mutinous spirit being excited from actual dest.i.tution, I endeavoured to obtain possession of the castles of Callao by negociation, offering to the Spanish Commandant permission to depart with two-thirds of the property contained in the fort, on condition of the remainder, together with the forts, being given up to the Chilian squadron. My object was to supply the crews with the absolute necessaries, of which they stood in need from the evasive conduct of the Protector, who continued to withhold, not only pay, but provisions, though the squadron had formed the ladder on which he had ascended to his present elevated position. There were large sums and a vast amount of plate in the possession of the Spanish garrison,--the wealthy citizens of Lima--fearing their liberators--having deposited both in the forts for security. A third of this would have relieved us from our embarra.s.sments. The vessels were, in fact, in want of stores of every kind, their crews being without animal food, clothing, or spirits, indeed their only means of subsistence was upon money obtained from the Spanish fugitives, whom I permitted to ransom themselves by surrendering a third only of the property with which they were escaping.
As soon as my offer to the Spanish Commandant, La Mar, became known to the Protector--in order to counteract it, and ensure the success of his design to starve out the Chilian squadron, and so procure its transfer to himself--he offered La Mar unlimited and unconditional protection, both as to persons and property, on purchase of letters of citizenship!
The Commandant, therefore, rejected my proposal, and the hope of obtaining a sufficient sum for the payment of the seamen, and for refitting the ships, was frustrated.
General San Martin afterwards accused me to the Chilian Government of aiming at the possession of the fortress of Callao, for the purpose of setting at defiance the Government of Peru! This was ridiculous; though, had it been my object, it would have been perfectly consistent with my duty to Chili, from which State the Protector of Peru had cast off his allegiance. My object was simply to obtain means to subsist the squadron; though, had I obtained possession of the forts, I would most certainly have dictated to General San Martin the fulfilment of his promises; and should as certainly have insisted on his performing his solemn engagement to the Peruvians, of giving them the free choice of their own government.
He also accused me of wishing to appropriate the sum proposed to be surrendered by the Spanish Commandant to my own use, though the seamen were in a state of mutiny from actual starvation! Instead of contributing to this useful end, as before the Protector"s interference La Mar was not unwilling to do, the Spaniards were afterwards permitted to retire unmolested with the whole of their treasure; and to this, the most discreditable act which ever sullied the name of a military commander, we now come. As the whole transaction has been well described by another writer, who was present throughout, I prefer extracting his words, in order to prevent any suspicion of mental bias which I may be supposed to entertain on the subject:--
"The Spanish army at Janja, in the beginning of September, spread alarm in Lima, from advices received of their movements.
It appeared that they were determined to attack the capital, and on the 5th of September the following proclamation was issued at head-quarters by the Protector:--"
"Inhabitants of Lima,"
"It appears that the justice of heaven, tired of tolerating for so long a time the oppressors of Peru, now guides them to destruction. Three hundred of those troops who have desolated so many towns, burnt so many temples, and destroyed so many thousands of victims, are at San Mateo, and two hundred more at San Damian. If they advance on this capital, it will be with the design of immolating you to their vengeance (San Martin had 12,000 troops to oppose them), and to force you to purchase at a high price your decision, and enthusiasm for independence. Vain hope! The valiant who have liberated the ill.u.s.trious Lima, those who protect her in the most difficult moments, know how to preserve her against the fury of the Spanish army. Yes, inhabitants of this capital, my troops will not abandon you; _they and myself are going to triumph over that army which--thirsty of our blood and property, is advancing; or we will perish with honour, for we will never witness your disgrace_. In return for this n.o.ble devotion, and that it may receive the favourable success of which it is worthy, all we require of you is, union, tranquillity, and efficacious co-operation. This alone is necessary to ensure the felicity and splendour of Peru."
"SAN MARTIN."
"On the morning of the 10th, Lord Cochrane received on board the _O"Higgins_ an official communication, informing him that the enemy was approaching the walls of Lima, and repeating the request that his Lordship would send to the army every kind of portable arms then on board the squadron, as well as the marines and all volunteers; because the Protector was "_determined to bring the enemy to an action, and either conquer or remain buried in the ruins of what was Lima_." This heroic note was, however, accompanied by a private one from Monteagudo, containing a request that the boats of the vessels of war might be kept in readiness, and a look out placed on the beach of Boca Negra."
"Lord Cochrane immediately pressed forward to San Martin"s camp, where, being recognised by several officers, a murmur of congratulation was heard, and even Guise and Spry exclaimed, "We shall have some fighting now the Admiral is come." General Las Heras, acting as General-in-Chief, saluting the Admiral, begged of him to endeavour to persuade the Protector to bring the enemy to an action. His Lordship, on this, rode up to San Martin, and taking him by the hand, in the most earnest manner entreated him to attack the enemy without losing a single moment; his entreaties were, however, in vain, the only answer received being--"My resolutions are taken"--"_mis medidas estan tomadas_.""
"Notwithstanding this apathy, his Lordship remonstrated, stating the situation in which he had, not five minutes before, observed the enemy"s infantry, and begged of the Protector to ascend an eminence at the back of the house, and convince himself how easily a victory might be obtained; but he only received the same cold reply--_mis medidas estan tomadas_.""
"The clamour of the officers in the _patio_ of the house roused San Martin, who called for his horse and mounted. In a moment all was bustle, and the antic.i.p.ated glow of victory shone in every countenance. The order to arms was given, and instantly obeyed by the whole army, amounting to about 12,000 men, including guerillas, all anxious to begin the fight. The Protector beckoned to the Admiral and General Las Heras, who immediately rode up to him, hoping that he was either about to consult them respecting the attack, or to inform them how it was to be conducted."
"At this moment a peasant approached San Martin on horseback, the General with most unparalleled composure lending an attentive ear to his communications as to where the enemy was the day before! The Admiral, exasperated at so unnecessary a waste of time, bade the peasant "begone," adding--"The General"s time is too important to be employed in listening to your fooleries." At this interruption, San Martin frowned on the Admiral, and turning his horse rode up to the door of the house, where he alighted and went in."
"Lord Cochrane then requested a private conference with San Martin--which was the last time he ever spoke to him--and a.s.sured him that it was not even then too late to attack the enemy, begging and entreating that the opportunity might not be lost, and offering himself to lead the cavalry. But to this he received the reply, "I alone am responsible for the liberties of Peru."--_"Yo solo soy responsable de la libertad del Peru_." On this the Protector retired to an inner apartment of the house to enjoy his customary _siesta_, which was disturbed by General Las Heras, who came to receive orders, and recalled to the attention of the Protector that the force was still under arms, when San Martin ordered that the troops should receive their rations!"
"Thus Gen. Cantarac, with 3,200 men, pa.s.sed to the southward of Lima--within half-musket shot of the protecting army of Peru, composed of 12,000--entered the castles of Callao with a convoy of cattle and provisions, where he refreshed and rested his troops for six days, and then retired on the 15th, taking with him the _whole of the vast treasure deposited therein by the Limenos_, and leisurely retreating on the north side of Lima."
"After Cantarac had led his troops into the batteries of Callao, the success was announced by the firing of guns and other demonstrations which harrowed up the souls of the Chilian officers. The patriot army thereupon pa.s.sively occupied their old camp at the Legua, between Callao and Lima."
"It would be an act of injustice not to mention that the second in command, General Las Heras, disgusted with the result, left the service of the Protector, and requested his pa.s.sport to Chili, which was granted; his example being followed by several officers of the army, who, deeply wounded by what had taken place, preferred obscurity, and even poverty, to further serving under such circ.u.mstances.
The British ship of war, _Superb_, was in the bay, and several of the officers, expecting to see the decisive blow struck in Peru, repaired to San Martin"s head-quarters, and were astounded at the coolness of a general, who, commanding 12,000 men, could abandon a favourable position in which he might at least have intercepted the convoy of cattle, and so at once have compelled the surrender of Callao, instead of permitting them to pa.s.s without a single shot being fired."[2]
[Footnote 2: "_Twenty years Residence in South America_," by W.B.
Stevenson. Vol. iii. London, 1825.]
The preceding extract, published in London by one who was by my side during the whole affair, is perfectly correct. The Limenos were deeply humiliated by the occurrence, nor was their annoyance mitigated by the publication of the following proclamation in the ministerial Gazette of the 19th, in which General San Martin informed them that he had beaten the enemy and pursued the fugitives! though, the said enemy had relieved and reinforced the fortress, and then coolly walked off unmolested with plate and money to the amount of many millions of dollars; in fact, the whole wealth of Lima, which, as has been said, was deposited by the inhabitants in the fortress for security.
Limenos,
It is now fifteen days since the liberating army left the capital, resolved not to permit that even the shadow of the Spanish flag should again darken the ill.u.s.trious city of Lima. The enemy haughtily descended the mountains, filled with the calculations they had formed in their ignorant meditations. They fancied that to appear before our camp was enough to conquer us; but they found _valour armed with prudence_! They acknowledged their inferiority.
_They trembled at the idea of the hour of battle, and profited by the hour of darkness_!! and they sought an asylum in Callao. My army began its march, and at the end of eight days the enemy has had to fly precipitately--convinced of their impotency to try the fortune of war, or to remain in the position they held.
The desertion which they experience ensures us that, before they reach the mountains, there will only exist a handful of men, terrified and confounded with the remembrance of the colossal power which they had a year ago, and which has now disappeared like the fury of the waves of the sea at the dawn of a serene morning. _The liberating army pursues the fugitives. They shall he dissolved or beaten_.
At all events, the capital of Peru shall never be profaned with the footsteps of the enemies of America--_this truth is peremptory_. The Spanish empire is at an end for ever. Peruvians! your destiny is irrevocable; consolidate it by the constant exercise of those virtues which you have shown in the epoch of conflicts. _You are independent_, and nothing can prevent your being happy, if you will it to be so,
SAN MARTIN.
To these monstrous a.s.sertions I only know one parallel, viz:--Falstaff"s version of his victory over the robbers at Gadshill. The Protector a.s.serts that "the shadow of the Spanish flag should never again darken Lima." It nevertheless pa.s.sed completely round the city within half-musket shot. "The enemy thought that to view our camp was to conquer us." They were only 3,000 to 12,000. "They trembled at the hour of battle, _and profited by the hour of darkness_!" The fact being that with droves of cattle and abundance of other provisions, they triumphantly marched into Callao _at mid-day_! viz, from eleven A.M. to three P.M. "The liberating army pursues the fugitives." This is the only fact contained in the proclamation. The enemy _was_ pursued by 1,100 men, who followed them at a distance for ten miles, when Cantarac suddenly facing about, let loose his cavalry at them, and nearly the whole were cut up! The Spaniards in fact came to relieve Callao, and fully effected their object.
Were not the preceding proclamation indelibly imprinted in the columns of the ministerial Gazette, it would be deemed a malicious fabrication.
Yet the poor, _independent_ Limenos dared not utter a voice against falsehood so palpable. Disarmed and betrayed, they were completely at the mercy of the Protector, who, if he can be said to have had a motive in not encountering the small force of Cantarac, no doubt founded it in keeping his own troops intact for the further oppression of the unhappy Limenos--with what effect we shall presently see.
This triumphant retreat of the Spanish force with its large amount of treasure was a disaster which, after the Limenos had risen against the tyranny of San Martin and forcibly expelled him from their city, entailed the shedding of torrents of blood in Peru, for the Spaniards were thus enabled to reorganize a force which would have subjected the country to its ancient oppressors, had not the army of Colombia stepped in to resist a common enemy. Even Chili trembled for her liberties, and, after I had left the Pacific, begged me to return and check disasters with which she was incompetent to grapple.
Had not the Protector prevented the Spanish Commandant, La Mar, from accepting my offer of permitting him to retire with two-thirds of the enormous treasure deposited in the fort, Chili would, at the lowest computation, have received ten millions of dollars, whilst the Spaniards would have retired with twenty millions. Surely this would have been better than to permit them--as General San Martin did--to retire unmolested with the whole.
Foiled in this attempt to relieve the necessities of the squadron, whilst the Protector"s Government pertinaciously refused to supply them, it was impossible to keep the men from mutiny; even the officers--won over by Guise and Spry, who paid midnightly visits to the ships for the purpose--began to desert to the Protectoral Government.
The following letter, addressed to Monteagudo, will shew the state of the matter as regarded the squadron:--
Most Excellent Sir,
I have written you an official letter to-day, by which you will perceive that the consequences which I have long predicted will have so far come to pa.s.s, as to render the removal of the large ships of the squadron indispensable. If by a total neglect of all I tell the Protectoral Government through you, things happen prejudicial to the service, the Protector and yourself will at least do me the justice to feel that I have done my duty; the base, interested, and servile, for the promotion of their selfish views, may clamour, but I regard them not.
I would send you the _original_ reports of the provisions and state of the ships issued by the captains, but I must hold these for my public justification, should such be necessary.
What is the meaning of all this, Monteagudo? Are these people so base as to be determined to force the squadron to mutiny? And are there others so blind as not to foresee the consequences? Ask Sir Thomas Hardy, and the British captains, or any other officers, what will be the result of such monstrous measures.
Believe me, with a heavy heart,
Yours, &c.
COCHRANE.
CHAPTER VIII.
PROLONGED DESt.i.tUTION OF SQUADRON--THE MEN MUTINY IN A BODY--THE SEAMEN"S LETTERS--SAN MARTIN SENDS AWAY THE PUBLIC TREASURE--MY SEIZURE OF IT--PRIVATE PROPERTY RESTORED--SAN MARTIN"S ACCUSATIONS AGAINST ME--THE SQUADRON PAID WAGES--ATTEMPT ON THE OFFICERS" FIDELITY--I AM ASKED TO DESERT FROM CHILI--ORDERED TO QUIT ON REFUSAL--MONTEAGUDO"S LETTER--MY REPLY--JUSTIFICATION OF SEIZING THE TREASURE--NO OTHER COURSE POSSIBLE.
Previous to this time I had on board the flag-ship the unexpended portion of the money captured at Arica, but as the Chilian Government, trusting to Peru to supply the wants of the squadron, neither sent funds or provisions, I was compelled to spend for our subsistence the uncondemned portion of the prize money belonging to the seamen--a necessity which, no less than their want of pay or reward, irritated them beyond measure, as, in effect, compelling them to fight the battles of the Republic not only without pay but at their own expense. In addition to this, I was in possession of the uncondemned portion of other sums taken on the coast, and these also I was obliged to expend, at the same time transmitting accounts thereof to the Minister of Marine at Valparaiso, the appropriation being fully approved by the Chilian Government. The dest.i.tute condition of the squadron, and the consequent dissatisfaction of the crews, will be best shewn by a few extracts from the letters of the officers and the men themselves.
On the 2nd of September, Captain Delano, the Commander of the _Lantaro_, wrote to me as follows:--
"The officers as well as the men are dissatisfied, having been a long time on the cruise, and at present without any kind of meat or spirits, and without pay, so that they are not able to provide for themselves any longer, though, _until starved_, they have borne it without a murmur."
"The ship"s company have now absolutely refused duty on account of short allowance. The last _charqui_ (dried beef) they got was rotten and full of vermin. They are wholly dest.i.tute of clothing, and persist in their resolution not to do duty till beef and spirits are supplied, alleging that they have served their time, with nothing but promises so frequently broken that they will no longer be put off."