9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa"cio_, p.r.o.nounced _fa"sheo_; _san"cio_, p.r.o.nounced _san"sheo_; _spa"tium_, p.r.o.nounced _spa"sheum_.
NOTE.--According to the Roman method of p.r.o.nouncing Latin, the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are p.r.o.nounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar.
LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY.
1. AG"ERE: a"go, ac"tum, _to do_, _to drive_.
Radicals: AG- and ACT-.
1. ACT, _v._ a.n.a.lYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_.
DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way.
DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.
2. AC"TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.
3. ACT"IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action.
4. ACT"OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player.
5. A"GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another.
6. AG"ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.
7. CO"GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog"ere_ (= _co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.
8. ENACT": en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.
9. TRANSACT": trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans.
Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of necessity."
(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + action.
(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of "active"? _Ans. Pa.s.sive_.
(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in 1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?
(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of "agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans.
Sluggish_, _inert_.
(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the contrary of a _cogent_ argument?
(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765."
(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?
2. ALIE"NUS, _another_, _foreign_.
Radical: ALIEN-.
1. AL"IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living.
2. AL"IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer t.i.tle or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.
3. INAL"IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Const.i.tution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_?
(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ the American colonies from the mother country"?
(3.) Quote a pa.s.sage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable."
3. AMA"RE, _to love_, AMI"CUS, _a friend_.
Radicals: AM- and AMIC-.
1. A"MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.
OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form am_i_able.
2. AM"ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will.
3. AM"ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable.
4. INIM"ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi"cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.
5. AMATEUR": adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.
EXERCISE.
(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable,"
meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"?