Justice Douglas impeachment attempt: Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas: A Biography Abe Fortas: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 374; J. F. terHorst, "Ford Leads Effort to Oust Nixon Supreme Court Picks," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 374; J. F. terHorst, "Ford Leads Effort to Oust Nixon Supreme Court Picks," Detroit News, Detroit News, January 27, 2006. January 27, 2006.
"The first part of the Yippie program": James Michener, James Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why Kent State: What Happened and Why (New York: Random House, 1971), 179. (New York: Random House, 1971), 179.
Complained Ailes in his notes: Roger E. Ailes to H. R. Haldeman, May 4, 1970, Roger E. Ailes to H. R. Haldeman, May 4, 1970, "s note: "Someone said": Ibid. Ibid. "I have requested": "I have requested": PPP 126, April 20, 1970; see also Sch.e.l.l, PPP 126, April 20, 1970; see also Sch.e.l.l, Time of Illusion, Time of Illusion, 89, and Carroll, 89, and Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 11. 11.
The White House had leaked word: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 193. 193.
"Cut the c.r.a.p out of my schedule": Ibid. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: MAYDAY.
"Ten days ago, in my report": PPP 139, April 30, 1970; Jonathan Sch.e.l.l, PPP 139, April 30, 1970; Jonathan Sch.e.l.l, The Time of Illusion The Time of Illusion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 88. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 88.
"We recognize that if we escalate": "At War with War," "At War with War," Time, Time, May 18, 1970. May 18, 1970.
On April 24, Laird: Richard Reeves, Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 19899. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 19899.
April 25: Ibid., 200. Ibid., 200. "If I decide to do it": "If I decide to do it": Ibid., 201. Ibid., 201.
"Fire them all!": Ibid., 216. Ibid., 216.
May 1 at Kent State: James Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why Kent State: What Happened and Why (New York: Random House, 1971), 1222. (New York: Random House, 1971), 1222.
May 1 at Yale: NYT, May 2, 1970. "New Haven wasn"t a weekend thing": University of Denver Clarion, "New Haven wasn"t a weekend thing": University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970, MIP. May 6, 1970, MIP.
A New York Times New York Times editorial: editorial: "Waste Them," NYT, April 15, 1970, 42. "Waste Them," NYT, April 15, 1970, 42.
He had traveled fifty thousand miles: Seymour Hersh, Seymour Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Ma.s.sacre and Its Aftermath My Lai 4: A Report on the Ma.s.sacre and Its Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1970). (New York: Random House, 1970).
Nixon"s May Day began: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 209. 209.
The president, impatient, replied: Ibid.; Tom Wells, Ibid.; Tom Wells, The War Within: America"s Battle over Vietnam The War Within: America"s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 422. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 422.
Pentagon staffers mobbed the president: Ibid.; Reeves, Ibid.; Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 208; Wells, 208; Wells, War Within, War Within, 422. Full accounts of the exchange, with extensive quotes, were reported in newspapers including the 422. Full accounts of the exchange, with extensive quotes, were reported in newspapers including the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, and and Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune.
Nixon took another cruise: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 20910. 20910.
That night, on the strip of taverns: Michener, Michener, Kent State. Kent State.
On Sat.u.r.day, May 2: "Allies Drive Ahead in Cambodia," NYT, May 2, 1970. "Allies Drive Ahead in Cambodia," NYT, May 2, 1970. Secretary of Defense Laird: Secretary of Defense Laird: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 211. 211. Bob Hope, the featured attraction: Bob Hope, the featured attraction: Michener, Michener, Kent State. Kent State.
At that very moment, radicals: Ibid., 19098. Ibid., 19098.
"We aren"t no cheap tin soldiers": Ibid., 227. Ibid., 227.
Perhaps 80 percent: Christian Appy, Christian Appy, Working Cla.s.s War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam Working Cla.s.s War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 36. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 36.
Trucking strike: Ibid., 12730.
"In North or South Carolina": Renata Adler, Renata Adler, Canaries in the Mineshaft: Essays on Politics and Media Canaries in the Mineshaft: Essays on Politics and Media (New York: St. Martin"s Press, 2001), 230. (New York: St. Martin"s Press, 2001), 230.
"I saw an Illinois car": Michener, Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 215. 215. "A very pretty girl": "A very pretty girl": Ibid., 350. Ibid., 350.
"You have enough girls": Ibid., 253. Ibid., 253.
"The situation at Kent": Ibid., 199. Ibid., 199.
Sunday morning at Kent State: Ibid., 25466.
Audio of Governor Rhodes to press online at from the doc.u.mentary Kent State: The Day the War Came Home, Kent State: The Day the War Came Home, directed by Chris Triffo. directed by Chris Triffo.
President Nixon received an urgent: "At War with War," "At War with War," Time, Time, May 18, 1970. May 18, 1970.
Sunday, eleven a.m. until shooting: Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 25466. 25466.
The Dow dropped 3 percent: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 215. 215.
Two Students, Two Guardsmen: Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 429, 43546. 429, 43546.
Townspeople"s reactions: Ibid., 44665.
A Gallup poll found: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 226. 226.
A rumor spread in Kent: Michener, Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 462. 462.
A letter to Life: Reeves, Life: Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 225. 225.
Time had called the Silent Majority: had called the Silent Majority: "Hitting Close to Home," "Hitting Close to Home," Time, Time, June 5, 1970. June 5, 1970.
Jane Fonda, the actress: Jane Fonda, Jane Fonda, My Life So Far My Life So Far (New York: Random House, 2005), 24142; Mary Hershberger, (New York: Random House, 2005), 24142; Mary Hershberger, Jane Fonda"s War: A Political Biography of an Antiwar Icon Jane Fonda"s War: A Political Biography of an Antiwar Icon (New York: New Press, 2005), 1213. (New York: New Press, 2005), 1213.
UC-San Diego self-immolation: Herbert"s Hippopotamus Herbert"s Hippopotamus (dir. Paul Alexander Juutilainen, 1996). (dir. Paul Alexander Juutilainen, 1996).
Student strike statistics: Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 214. Boston University: Ibid., 214. 214. Boston University: Ibid., 214.
Finch, Whittier, and Duke: "At War with War," Time. Time.
"The splintered left on the campuses": "Campus Crisis," WSJ, May 6, 1970, 1. Burnings at Kentucky, Case Western Reserve, Ohio State, Ohio University, Tulane, closing of twenty-seven California campuses: "Student Strike Continues; 441 Schools Shut," "Campus Crisis," WSJ, May 6, 1970, 1. Burnings at Kentucky, Case Western Reserve, Ohio State, Ohio University, Tulane, closing of twenty-seven California campuses: "Student Strike Continues; 441 Schools Shut," Pace Press, Pace Press, Kentucky, University of Indiana, University of Cincinnati: "College Index" survey and "Urban Research" report, MIP. Miami of Ohio, Carbondale: Strike newsletter, May 12, 1970, MIP. Kentucky, University of Indiana, University of Cincinnati: "College Index" survey and "Urban Research" report, MIP. Miami of Ohio, Carbondale: Strike newsletter, May 12, 1970, MIP. At Colorado State they torched: CSU Collegian, At Colorado State they torched: CSU Collegian, May 11, 1970, MIP. Washington University and University in St. Louis: May 11, 1970, MIP. Washington University and University in St. Louis: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 5, 9, 29, 1970; Washington University summary memo, MIP, May 5, 9, 29, 1970; Washington University summary memo, MIP, University of Denver Clarion, University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970. UCLA: Ibid. Syracuse, Macalester College: May 6, 1970. UCLA: Ibid. Syracuse, Macalester College: University of Denver Clarion, University of Denver Clarion, May 7, 1970. May 7, 1970. Austin students were tearga.s.sed: Austin students were tearga.s.sed: May 8, 1970, Isserman notes, MIP. May 8, 1970, Isserman notes, MIP.
A National Strike Information Center at Brandeis: Strike newsletters, MIP. Strike newsletters, MIP.
A report from Madison, Wisconsin: Handwritten notes, May 5, 6, 1970, MIP. Handwritten notes, May 5, 6, 1970, MIP.
A new tactic developed, blocking traffic: University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970; strike newsletter #7. May 6, 1970; strike newsletter #7. A National Economic Boycott Committee: A National Economic Boycott Committee: Newsletter #5, MIP. Newsletter #5, MIP. Quinnipiac College: Quinnipiac College: Yale strike newspaper, May 13, 1970, MIP. Yale strike newspaper, May 13, 1970, MIP. Northwestern: Northwestern: Strike newsletter #7. Strike newsletter #7. NYU demanded $100,000: NYU demanded $100,000: NYT, May 8, 1970. NYT, May 8, 1970. Governors" conference: Governors" conference: Strike newsletter #7, MIP. Strike newsletter #7, MIP.
On only one out of twenty: "College Index" survey, MIP. "College Index" survey, MIP. Grinnell: Grinnell: "At War with War," "At War with War," Time Time. Oberlin: Oberlin: "Student Strike Continues," "Student Strike Continues," Pace Press. Princeton: Pace Press. Princeton: James Reston, "Never Complain, Never Explain, Never Apologize!" NYT, May 10, 1970. James Reston, "Never Complain, Never Explain, Never Apologize!" NYT, May 10, 1970. In New Jersey, even a draft board: In New Jersey, even a draft board: Newsletter #7, MIP. Newsletter #7, MIP.
Emory"s president wired: Sanford S. Atwood to Nixon, Wade Murrah to regents, n.d., Scranton files, Series 12, Box 58, Emory folder, MIP. Sanford S. Atwood to Nixon, Wade Murrah to regents, n.d., Scranton files, Series 12, Box 58, Emory folder, MIP.
Woodstock West controversy: University of Denver Clarion, University of Denver Clarion, May 4, 6, etc., MIP. May 4, 6, etc., MIP.
U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, University of Washington: "Urban Research" report, MIP. University of Buffalo: Strike newsletter #7, MIP. Hobart College: Memo on "Tommy the Traveler," MIP. Julie Nixon"s graduation from Smith: Julie Nixon"s graduation from Smith: Wells, Wells, War Within, War Within, 406. 406.
At his May 8 press conference: PPP 144, May 8, 1970. PPP 144, May 8, 1970. "Several small schools in New York": "Several small schools in New York": O"Toole to Loch, staff memo, Series 12, Box 57, Scranton papers, MIP. O"Toole to Loch, staff memo, Series 12, Box 57, Scranton papers, MIP. Al Capp added a new line: Al Capp added a new line: "Cappital Punishment," "Cappital Punishment," Esquire, Esquire, November 1970. November 1970.
In Silver Spring, Maryland: Michener, Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 479. 479. "A hefty man in work clothes": "A hefty man in work clothes": "At War with War," "At War with War," Time. Time.
In Albuquerque: Ibid.; Hershberger, Ibid.; Hershberger, Jane Fonda"s War, Jane Fonda"s War, 14; strike newsletter #7, MIP. 14; strike newsletter #7, MIP.
The account of the hard-hat riots is drawn from George Mason University"s Center for History and New Media"s extraordinary Web site which allows for a minute-by-minute reconstruction of the event.
Pete Hamill, who had only the previous: "Hard Hats and Cops," NYP, May 12, 1970. "Hard Hats and Cops," NYP, May 12, 1970.
"I"m doing this because my brother": "After "b.l.o.o.d.y Friday," New York Wonders If Wall Street Is Becoming a Battleground," WSJ, May 11, 1970. "After "b.l.o.o.d.y Friday," New York Wonders If Wall Street Is Becoming a Battleground," WSJ, May 11, 1970.
A bipartisan group of senators: "Bipartisan Senate Group Maps a 3-p.r.o.nged Antiwar Strategy," NYT, May 9, 1970. "Bipartisan Senate Group Maps a 3-p.r.o.nged Antiwar Strategy," NYT, May 9, 1970.
Haverford College moved: "An Entire College Prepares to Journey to Washington," WSJ, May 6, 1970. "An Entire College Prepares to Journey to Washington," WSJ, May 6, 1970. "We can make this system": "We can make this system": "At War with War," "At War with War," Time. "Let us get twenty million signatures": Time. "Let us get twenty million signatures": SANE full-page ad, NYT, May 17, 1970. SANE full-page ad, NYT, May 17, 1970.
One of Ehrlichman"s young aides: John W. Dean, John W. Dean, Blind Ambition: The White House Years Blind Ambition: The White House Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 29. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 29. In the bas.e.m.e.nts of government: In the bas.e.m.e.nts of government: Jeremy Varon, Jeremy Varon, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 131. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 131.
"All we are saying": "At War with War," Time. "NIXON WOULD LIKE Time. "NIXON WOULD LIKE YOU": Christopher Russell Reaske, ed., YOU": Christopher Russell Reaske, ed., Student Voices on Political Action Culture and the University Student Voices on Political Action Culture and the University (New York: Random House, 1971), 94. (New York: Random House, 1971), 94. "h.e.l.lo, b.u.ms!": "h.e.l.lo, b.u.ms!": Hershberger, Hershberger, Jane Fonda"s War, Jane Fonda"s War, 1415. 1415. She gestured to the men: She gestured to the men: Fonda, Fonda, My Life So Far, My Life So Far, 244. 244. "My child was not a b.u.m": "My child was not a b.u.m": Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 212; Michener, 212; Michener, Kent State, Kent State, 433. 433.
Senator Muskie, the Democratic presidential: "They Hope Calm Will Help Cause," NYT, May 10, 1970. "They Hope Calm Will Help Cause," NYT, May 10, 1970. "After a nearly sleepless night": "After a nearly sleepless night": "Dawn at Memorial," WP, May 10, 1970. "Dawn at Memorial," WP, May 10, 1970.
His interior secretary, Walter Hickel: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 215; Sch.e.l.l, 215; Sch.e.l.l, Time of Illusion, Time of Illusion, 99. 99. Paul Harvey, the sentimental radio: Paul Harvey, the sentimental radio: "If the Silent Majority Could Talk What Would It Say," "If the Silent Majority Could Talk What Would It Say," Esquire, Esquire, May 1970; Reeves, May 1970; Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 216. 216.
"Thinks now the college demonstrators": H. R. Haldeman, H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: G. P. Putnam"s Sons, 1994), 164. (New York: G. P. Putnam"s Sons, 1994), 164.
Hard hats in New York, San Diego, Buffalo, Pittsburgh: Jefferson Cowie, "Nixon"s Cla.s.s Struggle: Romancing the New-Right Worker, 19691973," Labor History Labor History 43 (Summer 2002): 25783. 43 (Summer 2002): 25783.
"Obviously more of these": Ibid. Ibid. one hundred thousand marchers on May 20: one hundred thousand marchers on May 20: "Workers" Woodstock," "Workers" Woodstock," Time, Time, June 1, 1970. June 1, 1970.
Rosow report: Cowie, "Nixon"s Cla.s.s Struggle."
"Every time they burn another": Robert Mason, Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 70. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 70.
Peter Brennan, and Thomas Gleason: Cowie, "Nixon"s Cla.s.s Struggle." Cowie, "Nixon"s Cla.s.s Struggle."
"Patriotic themes": Ibid. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: PURITY.
Nixon and Billy Graham crusade: Garry Wills, "How Nixon Used the Media, Billy Graham, and the Good Lord to Rap with Students at Tennessee University," Esquire, Esquire, September 1970. September 1970.
Spiro Agnew began the year: Jules Witcover, Jules Witcover, White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew (New York: Random House, 1972). (New York: Random House, 1972).
"The liberal media have been": John R. Coyne, ed., John R. Coyne, ed., The Impudent Sn.o.bs: Agnew vs. the Intellectual Establishment The Impudent Sn.o.bs: Agnew vs. the Intellectual Establishment (New Roch.e.l.le, NY: Arlington House, 1972), 28496; Peter N. Carroll, (New Roch.e.l.le, NY: Arlington House, 1972), 28496; Peter N. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 78. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 78.
Agnew kitsch: Barry Goldwater, Conscience of a Majority Conscience of a Majority (New York: Prentice Hall, 1970), 165; (New York: Prentice Hall, 1970), 165; April he recalled: Coyne, ed., Coyne, ed., Impudent Sn.o.bs, Impudent Sn.o.bs, 31522. 31522.
He referred to "the score of students": Coyne, ed., Coyne, ed., Impudent Sn.o.bs, Impudent Sn.o.bs, 31522. 31522.
"Spiro Knows Best": Life, May 8, 1970. May 8, 1970.
He changed nothing: Witcover, Witcover, White Knight, White Knight, 33540. 33540.
A week after the Kent State killings: "Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country," "Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country," Time, Time, May 18, 1970. May 18, 1970. "Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, at his unmuzzled": "Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, at his unmuzzled": Crosby S. Noyes column, Crosby S. Noyes column, Washington Star, Washington Star, June 6, 1970. June 6, 1970. Four hundred faculty members in Ma.s.sachusetts: Four hundred faculty members in Ma.s.sachusetts: "Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country." "Kent State: Martyrdom That Shook the Country." "Lately, you have been exposed": "Lately, you have been exposed": Coyne, ed., Coyne, ed., Impudent Sn.o.bs, Impudent Sn.o.bs, 33236. 33236.
The venom in the address: "Text of Agnew"s Speech Scoring Press," NYT, May 23, 1970. "Text of Agnew"s Speech Scoring Press," NYT, May 23, 1970.
His claim about Reston: James Reston, "Never Complain, Never Explain, Never Apologize!" NYT, May 10, 1970. James Reston, "Never Complain, Never Explain, Never Apologize!" NYT, May 10, 1970.
Hubert Humphrey said of his successor: Goldwater, Goldwater, Conscience of a Majority, Conscience of a Majority, 58. 58. John Ehrlichman responded: John Ehrlichman responded: Ibid. Ibid.
"I do not go along": Allen J. Matusow, Allen J. Matusow, Nixon"s Economy: Booms, Busts, Dollars, and Votes Nixon"s Economy: Booms, Busts, Dollars, and Votes (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 63; PPP 10, January 27, 1969. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 63; PPP 10, January 27, 1969.
"inflation alerts": Richard Reeves, Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 265; PPP 192, June 17, 1970. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 265; PPP 192, June 17, 1970.
And that, in a society: Hunter S. Thompson, Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail "72 Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail "72 (New York: Popular Library, 1973), 3940, 48; Frederick G. Dutton, (New York: Popular Library, 1973), 3940, 48; Frederick G. Dutton, Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 1516, pa.s.sim; Republican National Committee, "The 1964 Elections," October 1965 (in author"s possession, courtesy of Phil Klinkner). (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 1516, pa.s.sim; Republican National Committee, "The 1964 Elections," October 1965 (in author"s possession, courtesy of Phil Klinkner).
an idea floating around in liberal circles: Thomas J. Noer, Thomas J. Noer, Soapy: A Biography of G. Mennen Williams Soapy: A Biography of G. Mennen Williams (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 137; "Governor Favors Voting Age of 18," NYT, March 3, 1966. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 137; "Governor Favors Voting Age of 18," NYT, March 3, 1966. General Eisenhower had come out: General Eisenhower had come out: Eisenhower interview, Eisenhower interview, Sat.u.r.day Review, Sat.u.r.day Review, September 9, 1966. September 9, 1966. In 1968 In 1968 Time Time underwrote: underwrote: Letters from editor, Letters from editor, Time, Time, December 15, 1967, May 10, 1968. December 15, 1967, May 10, 1968. That June, LBJ suggested: That June, LBJ suggested: Attorney general to Speaker of the House, June 28, 1966, LBJCR, Reel 9. Attorney general to Speaker of the House, June 28, 1966, LBJCR, Reel 9.
Kennedy and Mansfield decided to force: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 225; NYT, May 11, June 5, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 1970. 225; NYT, May 11, June 5, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 1970.
And Al Capp tried: "Cappital Punishment," "Cappital Punishment," Esquire, Esquire, November 1970. November 1970.
11 million newly eligible voters: Week in Review, NYT, June 21, 1970. Week in Review, NYT, June 21, 1970. "We got more cats": Wild in the Streets "We got more cats": Wild in the Streets (American International Pictures, 1968). (American International Pictures, 1968).
"The increased share of the eligible": Dutton, Dutton, Changing Sources of Power, Changing Sources of Power, 1516, pa.s.sim. Martin Peretz: Ibid., 61. Dutton also quoted R. D. Laing: "The texture of the fabric of these socially shared hallucinations is what we call reality, and our collusive madness is what we call sanity." 1516, pa.s.sim. Martin Peretz: Ibid., 61. Dutton also quoted R. D. Laing: "The texture of the fabric of these socially shared hallucinations is what we call reality, and our collusive madness is what we call sanity."
He said he favored: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 225. 225.