But we may be most amused by mixing with the crowd, or by listening to the performance on the _Place royale_ of a company of foreign musicians--shabby and dingy in aspect, enthusiastic and poor--who had found their way here in time to entertain the trim holiday makers of Caen. They were of that ragged and unkempt order of slovenly brotherhood that the G.o.ddess of music claims for her own; let them call themselves "wandering minstrels," "Arabs," or what not (their collars were limp, and they rejoiced in smoke), they had certainly an ear for harmony, and a "soul for music;" a talent in most of them, half cultivated and scarcely understood. A woman in a German, or Swiss, costume levied rapid contributions amongst the crowd, which seemed to prefer listening to this performance than to any other "distraction," not excepting the modern and exciting performance of velocipede races outside the town.
The streets are crowded all day with holiday people, and somewhat obstructed by the fashion of the inhabitants taking their meals in the street. We also, in the evening, dine at an open cafe (with a marble table and a pebble floor) amidst a clamour and confusion of voices, under the shadow of old eaves--with creepers and flowers twining round nearly every window, where the pigeons lurk and dive at stray morsels.
The evening is calm and bright and the sky overhead a deep blue, but we are chattering, laughing, eating, and smoking, clinking gla.s.ses and shouting to waiters; we drown even the sound of the church clocks, and if it were not for the little flower girls with their "_deux sous, chaque_" and their winning smiles, and for the children playing on the ground around us, we might soon forget our better natures in the din of this culinary pandemonium.
But we are in good company; three tall mugs of cider are on the next table to our own, a dark, stout figure, with shaven crown, is seated with his back to us--it is the preacher of the morning, who with two lay friends for companions, also keeps the feast.
_DIVES._
Before leaving the neighbourhood of Caen, the antiquary and historically minded traveller will naturally turn aside and pay a visit to the town of DIVES, about eighteen miles distant, near the sea sh.o.r.e to the north-east, on the right bank of the river Dives. It is interesting to us not only as an ancient Roman town, and as being the place of embarkation of the Conqueror"s flotilla, from whence it drifted, with favourable winds, to St. Valery--but because it possesses the remains of one of the finest twelfth-century churches in Normandy. We find hardly any mention of this church in "Murray," and it stands almost deserted by the town which once surrounded it, and by the sea, on the sh.o.r.e of which it was originally built. At the present time there are not more than eight or nine hundred inhabitants, but we can judge by the size of the old covered market-place, and the extent of the boundaries of the town, that it must have been a seaport of considerable importance. Dives was once rich, but no longer bears out the meaning of its name; in comparison to the thriving town of Cabourg (which it joins), it is more like Lazarus sitting at the gate.
The interior of the church at Dives has been restored, repaired, and whitewashed; but neither time nor whitewash can conceal the lovely proportions of the building; the pillars and aisles, and the carving over the doorways which the twelfth-century mason fashioned so tenderly have little left of his most delicate workmanship; half of the stained gla.s.s in the chancel windows has been destroyed, and the pinnacles on the roof have been broken down by rude hands. Nevertheless it is a church worth going far to see; and it will have exceptional interest for those who believe that their ancestors "came over with the Conqueror,"
for on the western wall there is a list of the names of the princ.i.p.al persons who were known to have accompanied him. Some of these names are very familiar to English ears, such as PERCY, TALBOT, VERNON, LOVEL, GIFFARD, BREWER, PIGOT, CARTERET, CRESPEN, &c.; and there are at least a hundred others, all in legible characters, which any visitor may decipher for himself. There is a small gra.s.s-grown church-yard surrounded by a low wall, but the tablets are of comparatively modern date.
If, before leaving Dives, we take a walk up the hill on the east side of the town, and look down upon the broad valley, with the river Dives winding southwards through a rich pasture land, flanked with thickly wooded hills--and beyond it the river Orne, leading to Caen--we shall see at once what a favourable and convenient spot this must have been for the collecting together of an army of fifty thousand men, for the construction of vessels, and for the embarkation of troops and horses, and the _materiel_ of war; and, if we continue our walk, through one or two cornfields in the direction of Beuzeval, we shall find, on a promontory facing the sea, and overlooking the mouth of the river, a not very ornamental, round stone pillar placed here by the Archaeological Society of France in 1861; "AU SOUVENIR DU PLUS GRAND eVeNEMENT HISTORIQUE DES ANNALES NORMANDES--LE DePART DU DUC GUILLAUME LE BaTARD POUR LA CONQUeTE DE L"ANGLETERRE EN 1066;" and, if the reader should be as fortunate as we were in 1869, he might find a french gentleman _standing upon the top of this column_, and (forgetting probably that Normandy was not _always_ part of France) blowing a blast of triumph seaward, from a cracked french horn.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
CHAPTER V.
_BAYEUX._
The approach to the town of Bayeux from the west, either by the old road from Caen or by the railway, is always striking. The reader may perchance remember how in old coaching days in England on arriving near some cathedral town, at a certain turn of the road, the first sight of some well-known towers or spires came into view. Thus there are certain spots from which we remember Durham, and from which we have seen Salisbury; and thus, there is a view of all others which we identify with Bayeux. We have chosen to present it to the reader as we first saw it and sketched it (before the completion of the new central semi-grecian cupola); when the graceful proportions of the two western spires were seen to much greater advantage than at present.
The cathedral has been drawn and photographed from many points of view; Pugin has given the elevation of the west front, and the town and cathedral together have been made the subject of drawings by several well-known artists; but returning to Bayeux after an absence of many years, and examining it from every side, we find no position from which we can obtain a distant view to such advantage as that near the railway station, which we have shewn in the sketch at the head of this chapter.
The repose--the solemnity we might almost call it--that pervades Bayeux even in this busy nineteenth century, is the first thing that strikes a stranger; a repose the more solemn and mysterious when we think of its rude history of wars, of pillage, and ma.s.sacres, and of its destruction more than once by fire and sword. From the days when the town consisted of a few rude huts (in the time of the Celts), all through the splendours of the time of the Norman dukes, and the more terrible days of the Reformation, it is prominent in history; but Bayeux is now a place of peaceful industry, with about 10,000 inhabitants, "a quiet, dull, ecclesiastical city," as the guide books express it; with an aspect almost as undisturbed as a cathedral close. There are a few paved streets with cafes and shops, as usual, but the most industrious inhabitants appear to be the lacemakers--women seated at the doorways of the old houses, wearing the quaint horseshoe comb and white cap with fan-like frill, which are peculiar to Bayeux.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
Every building of importance has a semi-ecclesiastical character; the feeling seeming to have especially pervaded the designers of the thirteenth-century houses, as we may see from this rough sketch made at a street corner. Many houses have such figures carved in _wood_ upon them, and we may sometimes see a little stone spire on a roof top; the architects appearing to have aimed at expressing in this way their love and admiration for the cathedral, and to have emulated the Gothic character of its decorations; the conventual and neighbouring buildings harmonizing with it in a manner impossible to describe in words. Even the princ.i.p.al inn, called the "Hotel du Luxembourg," partakes of the quiet air of the place; the walls of the _salle a manger_ are covered with pictures of saints and martyrs, and the houses we can see from its windows are built and carved in stone.
The chief object of interest is, undoubtedly, the cathedral itself, for although we may find many curious old houses, everything gives way in importance and interest to this one central building. The n.o.ble west front, with its pointed Gothic towers and spires, is familiar to us in many an engraving and painting, but what these ill.u.s.trations do not give us on a small scale is the beauty of the carved doorways, the cl.u.s.tering of the ornaments about them, and the statues of bishops, priests, and kings. Later than the cathedral itself, and "debased in style" (as our severe architectural friends will tell us), the work on these beautiful porches has exquisite grace; the fourteenth-century sculptor gave free scope to his fancy, his hands have played about the soft white stone till it took forms so delicate and strange, so unsubstantial and yet so permanent, that it is a marvel of the sculptor"s skill.[19]
The interior is 315 feet long and 81 feet high, open from one end to the other, and forms a very striking and imposing effect. "The west end," to quote a few words from the best technical authority, "consists of florid Norman arches and piers, whose natural heaviness is relieved by the beautifully diapered patterns wrought upon the walls, probably built by Henry I., who destroyed the previously existing church by fire. Above this, runs a blank trefoiled arcade in the place of a triforium, surrounded by a clerestory of early-pointed windows, very lofty and narrow. The arches of the nave, nearest the cross and the choir, ending in a semi-circle, exhibit a more advanced state of the pointed style, and are distinguished by the remarkable elegance of their graceful cl.u.s.tered pillars. The circular ornaments in the spandrils of the arches are very pleasing and of fanciful variety."
We see in the interior of this cathedral a confusion of styles--a conflict of grace and beauty with rude and grotesque work. The delicately-traced patterns carved on the walls, the medallions and pendant ornaments, in stone, of the thirteenth century, are scarcely surpa.s.sed at Chartres; side by side with these, there are headless and armless statues of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which have been painted, and tablets (such as we have sketched) to commemorate the ancient founders of the church; and underneath the choir, the crypt of Bishop Odo, the Conqueror"s half-brother, with its twelve ma.s.sive pillars, which formed the foundation of the original church, built in 1077.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
In the nave we may admire the beautiful radiating chapels, with their curious frescoes (some destroyed by damp and others evidently effaced by rude hands); and we may examine the bronze pulpit, with a figure of the Virgin trampling on the serpent; the dark, carved woodwork in the chancel; the old books with clasps (that Haag, or Werner, would delight in), and two quite modern stone pulpits or lecterns, with vine leaves twining up them in the form of a cross, the carving of which is equal to any of the old work--the rugged vine stem and the soft leaves being wonderfully rendered.
The interior is disfigured by some gaudy colouring under the new cupola, and the effect of the west end is, as usual, ruined by the organ loft.
There are very fine stained-gla.s.s windows, some quite modern, but so good both in colour and design, that we cannot look at them without rebelling in our minds, against the conventionality of much of the modern work in english churches.[20] It seems not unreasonable to look forward to the time when it shall be accounted a sin to present caricatures of scriptural subjects in memorial church-windows. Let us rather have the kaleidescope a thousand times repeated, or the simplest diaper pattern on ground gla.s.s, than "Jonahs" or "Daniels," as they are represented in these days; we are tired of the twelve apostles, so smooth and clean, in their robes of red and blue (the particular red and blue that will come best out of the melting-pot), of yellow glories and impossible temples.
The long-neglected art of staining gla.s.s being once more revived, let us hope that, with it, a taste will grow up for something better than a repet.i.tion of the grotesque.
But it is the exterior of Bayeux Cathedral that will be remembered best, the beauty and simplicity of its design; its "sky line," that we pointed out at a distance, at the beginning of this chapter, which (like the curve of the dome of St. Paul"s Cathedral in London, and many an english nineteenth-century church we could name), leaves an impression of beauty on the mind that the more ornate work of the Renaissance fails to give us. It is an ill.u.s.tration in architecture, of what we have ventured to call the "simple right" and the "elaborate wrong;" like the composition of Raphael"s Holy Family (drawn on the head of a tub), it was _right_, whilst its thousand imitations have been wrong.
And if any argument or evidence were wanting, of the beauty and fitness of Gothic architecture as the central feature of interest, and as a connecting link between the artistic taste of a past and present age, we could point to no more striking instance than this cathedral. It has above all things the appearance of a natural and spontaneous growth, harmonizing with the aspect of the place and with the feelings of the people.
A silence falls upon the town of Bayeux sometimes, as if the world were deserted by its inhabitants; a silence which we notice, to the same extent, in no other cathedral city. We look round and wonder where all the people are; whether there is really anybody to buy and sell, and carry on business, in the regular worldly way; or whether it is peopled only with strange memories and histories of the past.
On every side there are landmarks of cruel wars and the sites of battles--nearly every old house has a legend or a history attached to it; and all about the cathedral precincts, with its old lime trees--in snug, quiet courtyards, under gate-ways, and in stiff, formal gardens behind high walls--we may see where the old bishops and canons of Bayeux lived and died; the house where "Master Wace" toiled for many unwearied years, and where he had audience with the travelling _raconteurs_ of the time who came to listen to him, and to repeat far and wide the words of the historian.[21]
The silence of Bayeux is peopled with so many memories, of wars so terrible, and of legends so wild and weird, that a book might be written about Bayeux and called "The Past." We must not trench upon the work of the antiquary, or we might point out where Henry I. of England attacked and destroyed the city, and the exact spot in the market-place where they first lighted the flames of Revolution; but we may dwell for a moment upon one or two curious customs and legends connected with Bayeux.
The "Fete of the three Kings" (a remnant of a custom in the time of the Druids) is still religiously observed by its inhabitants, and incantations and ceremonies are kept up by the country people around Bayeux, especially on the eve of this fete. The time is winter, and around the town of Bayeux (as many visitors may have noticed) a curious fog or mist hangs over the fields and the neighbouring gardens, through which the towers of the cathedral are seen like phantoms; it is then that the peasants light their torches, and both priests and people wander in procession through the fields, singing in a loud, but mournful tone, a strange and quaint ditty. Thus their fields and the crops (which they are about to sow) will be productive, and a good harvest bless the land!
We are still in the middle ages at Bayeux, we believe implicitly in witches, in good omens, and in fairy rings; we are told gravely by an old inhabitant that a knight of Argouges, near Bayeux, was protected by a good fairy in his encounter with some great enemy, and we are shewn, in proof of the a.s.sertion, the family arms of the house of Argouges, with a female figure in the costume of Lady G.o.diva of Coventry, and the motto, _a la fee_; and we hear so many other romantic stories of the dark ages, that history at last becomes enveloped in a cloud of haze, like the town of Bayeux itself on a winter"s night.
We must now pa.s.s from the region of romance and fable to its very antipodes in realism; to the examination of a strip of fine linen cloth of the colour of brown holland, which is exhibited in the Public Library at Bayeux.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
This world-renowned relic of antiquity, which Dibdin half-satirically describes as "an exceedingly curious doc.u.ment of the conjugal attachment and enthusiastic veneration of Matilda," is now kept with the greatest care, and is displayed on a stand under a gla.s.s case, in its entire length, 227 feet. It is about 20 inches wide, and is divided into 72 compartments. Every line is expressed by coa.r.s.e st.i.tches of coloured thread or worsted, of which this arrow"s head is a facsimile, and the figures are worked in various colours, the groundwork and the flesh tints being generally left white. The extraordinary preservation of the tapestry, when we consider, not only the date of the work, but the vicissitudes to which it has been subjected, is so remarkable, that the spectator is disposed to ask to see the "original," feeling sure that this fresh, bright-looking piece of work cannot have lasted thus for eight hundred years. And when we remember that it was carried from town to town by order of Napoleon I., and also exhibited on the stage on certain occasions; that it has survived the Revolution, and that the cathedral, which it was originally intended to adorn, has long been levelled with the ground, we cannot help approaching it with more than ordinary interest; an interest in which the inhabitants, and even the ecclesiastics of Bayeux, scarcely seem to share. It was but a few years ago that the priests of the cathedral, when asked by a traveller to be permitted to see the tapestry, were unable to point it out; they knew that the "_toile St. Jean_," as it is called, was annually displayed in the Cathedral on St. John"s Day, but of its historical and antiquarian interest they seemed to take little heed.
The scenes, which (as is well known) represent the princ.i.p.al events in the Norman Conquest, are arranged in fifty-eight groups. The legend of the first runs thus:--
Le roi Edouard ordonne a Harold d"aller apprendre au duc Guillaume qu"il sera un jour roi d"Angleterre, &c.
After the interview between the "sainted" King Edward and Harold, the latter starts on his mission to "Duke William," and in the next group we see Harold, "_en marche_," with a hawk on his wrist--then entering a church (the ancient abbey of Bosham, in Suss.e.x), and the clergy praying for his safety before embarking, and--next, "_en mer_." We see him captured on landing, by Guy de Ponthieu, and afterwards surrounded by the amba.s.sadors whom William sends for his release; the little figure holding the horses being one Tyrold, a dependant of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and the artist (it is generally supposed) who designed the tapestry. Then we see Harold received in state at Rouen by Duke William, and afterwards, their setting out together for Mont St. Michael, and Dinan; and other episodes of the war in Brittany. We next see Harold in England, at the funeral of Edward the Confessor, and have a curious view of Westminster Abbey, in red and green worsted. After the death of King Edward, we have another group, where "Edouard (in extremis) parle aux hommes de sa cour;" evidently an after-thought, or a mistake in taking up the designs to work in their proper order. Harold is crowned, but with an ill omen (from the Norman point of view), as represented in the tapestry by an evil star--a comet of extravagant size, upon which the people gaze with most comical expressions of wonder and alarm.
Harold began his reign well, says an old chronicler, he "stablysshed good lawes, specyally for the defence of holy churche;" but soon he "waxed so proud and covetouse," that he became unpopular with his subjects.
Then follows the great historical event, of "THE INVASION OF ENGLAND BY THE CONQUEROR," and we have all the details portrayed of the felling of trees, constructing ships, transporting of cavalry, and the like; we see the preparations for the commissariat, and the curious implements of warfare, shewing, amongst other things, the lack of iron in those days; the spades, for use in earthworks and fortifications, being only _tipped_ with iron. The bustle and excitement attendant upon the embarcation are given with wonderful reality; and there is many a quaint and natural touch in the att.i.tudes and expressions of these red and yellow men.
The landing in Pevensey bay is next given (the horses being swung out of the ships with cranes and pulleys as in the present day), and soon afterwards, the preparations for a feast; the artist at this point becoming apparently imbued with the true British idea that nothing could be done without a dinner. There must be a grand historical picture of a banquet before the fight, and so, like Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon, William the Conqueror has his "night before the battle," and, perhaps, it is the most faithful representation of the three.
Of the battle of Hastings itself, of the consternation at one time amongst the troops at the report of William"s death, of the charge of cavalry, with William on a tremendous black horse (riding as straight in the saddle as in our own day), of the cutting to pieces of the enemy, of the stripping the wounded on the ground, and of Harold"s defeat and death, there are several very spirited representations.
For our ill.u.s.tration we have chosen a scene where the battle is at its height, and the melee is given with great vigour. These figures on the tapestry are coloured green and yellow (for there was evidently not much choice of colours), and the chain armour is left white. The woodcut is about a third of the size, and is, as nearly as possible, a _facsimile_ of the original.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Facsimile of Bayeux Tapestry.]
The last group is thus described in the catalogue:--
"ET FVGA VETERVNT ANGLI.
"Et les Anglais furent mis en fuite. Des hommes a pied, armes de haches et d"ipies, combattent contre les cavaliers: mais _la defaite des Anglais est complete_; ils sont poursuivis a toute outrance par les Normands vainqueurs.
"La scene suivante reprisentent des herauts d"armes a pied, et des cavaliers galoppant a toute bride pour annoncer probablement le succes du Conquerant; mais l"interruption subite du monument ne permet plus de continuer cette chronique figurie, qui allait vraisemblablement jusqu"au couronnement de Guillaume.
The _design_ of the tapestry is very unequal, some of the latter scenes being weak in comparison, especially that of the _death of Harold_; the eleventh-century artist, perhaps becoming tired of the work, or having, more probably, a presentiment that this scene would be painted and exhibited annually, by English artists, to the end of time. Perhaps the most interesting and important scenes are:--first, when Harold takes the oath of allegiance to William, with his hands leaning on two ark-like shrines, full of the relics plundered from churches; next, the awful catastrophe of the _malfosse_, where men and horses, Norman and Saxon, are seen rolling together in the ditch; and, lastly, the ultra-grotesque tableaux of stripping the wounded after the battle.