I propose describing the funeral service here, as the substance of their particular faith is so intimately connected with the appointed service for the dead.
The dead body of a Mussulmaun, in about six hours after life is extinct, is placed in a kuffin[16] (coffin) and conveyed to the place of burial, with parade suited to the rank he held in life.
A tent, or the kaanaut[17] (screen), is pitched in a convenient place, where water is available near to the tomb, for the purpose of washing and preparing the dead body for interment. They then take the corpse out of the coffin and thoroughly bathe it; when dry, they rub pounded camphor on the hands, feet, knees, and forehead, these parts having, in the method of prostrating at prayer, daily touched the ground; the body is then wrapped neatly in a winding-sheet of white calico, on which has been written particular chapters from the Khoraun:[18] this done, it is taken up with great gentleness and laid in the grave on the side, with the face towards Mecca. The officiating Maulvee steps solemnly into the grave (which is much deeper and wider than ours), and with a loud voice repeats the creed, as before described; after which he says, "These were thy good and holy leaders, O son of Adam! (here he repeats the person"s names). Now when the two angels come unto thee, who are the Maccurrub[19] (messengers) from thy great and mighty G.o.d, they will ask of thee, "Who is thy Lord? Who is thy Prophet? What is thy faith? Which is thy book? Where is thy Kiblaah?[20]
Who is thy Leader?"
"Then shalt thou answer the Maccurrub thus:--
""G.o.d, greatest in glory, is my only Lord; Mahumud, my Prophet; Islaaim, my faith, (Islaaim means true faith); the Khoraun, my book; the Kaubah (Holy House at Mecca), my Kiblaah;
""Emaum Ali, son of Aboutalib, " Hasan and Hosein, " Ali, surnamed Zynool Auberdene, " Mahumud, " Baakur, " Jaufur, " Saad.i.c.k, " Moosa, " Khazim, " Ali, " Reezah, " Mahumud, " Ul Jawaad, " Ali, " Ul Hoodah, " Hasan, " Ul Ushkeree, " Mhidhie, the standing proof that we are waiting for.[21]
""These are all my leaders, and they are my intercessors, with them is my love, with their enemies is my hatred, in the world of earth and in the world to come eternal.""
Then the Maulvee says:--
"Know ye for a truth, O man (repeating his name), that the G.o.d we worship is One only, Great and Glorious, Most High and Mighty G.o.d, who is above all lords, the only true G.o.d.
"Know ye also, That Mahumud is the best of the Lord"s messengers.
"That Ali and his successors (before enumerated, but always here repeated) were the best of all leaders.
"That whatever came with Mahumud is true, (meaning the whole work of his mission);--Death is true; the Interrogation by Moonkih and Nykee[22] (the two angels) is true; the Resurrection is true; Destruction is true; the Bridge of Sirraat[23] is true; the Scales are true; Looking into the Book is true; Heaven and Earth are true; h.e.l.l is true; the Day of Judgment is true.
"Of these things there is no doubt--all are true; and, further, that G.o.d, the great and glorious G.o.d, will raise all the dead bodies from their graves."
Then the Maulvee reads the following prayer or benediction, which is called Dooar[24] prayer:--
"May the Lord G.o.d, abundant in mercy, keep you with the true speech; may He lead you to the perfect path; may He grant you knowledge of Him, and of His prophets.
"May the mercy of G.o.d be fixed upon you for ever. Ameen."
This concluded, the Maulvee quits the grave, and slowly moves forty measured paces in a line with it; then turning round, he comes again to the grave, with the same solemnity in his steps, and standing on the edge, he prays,
"O great and glorious G.o.d, we beseech Thee with humility make the earth comfortable to this Thy servant"s side, and raise his soul to Thee, and with Thee may he find mercy and forgiveness."
"Ameen, Ameen," is responded by all present.
This ends the funeral service: the earth is closed over by the servants, &c. and, except with the very poor, the grave is never entirely forsaken day or night, during the forty days of mourning; readers of the Khoraun are paid for this service, and in the families of the n.o.bility the grave is attended for years by those hired, who are engaged to read from that book perpetually, relieving each other at intervals day and night.
They believe that when the Maulvee quits the grave, the angels enter to interrogate the dead body, and receive the confession of his particular faith; this is the object of the Maulvee"s retiring forty paces, to give the angels time to enter on their mission to the dead.
The Mussulmauns all believe that Mhidhie, the standing proof as he is called, will visit the earth at a future period; they are said to possess prophecies, that lead them to expect the twelve hundred and sixtieth year of the Hegirah, as the time for his coming. The Soonies say, this Emaum has yet to be born:--the Sheahs believe that Emaum Mhidhie is the person to reappear. Some believe he is still on earth, dwelling, as they conjecture, in the wilds and forests; and many go so far as to a.s.sert, that Mhidhie visits (without being recognized) the Holy House of Mecca annually, on the great day of sacrifice; but I cannot find any grounds they have for this opinion.[25]
They also possess a prophecy, on which much dependance is placed, that "When the four quarters of the globe contain Christian inhabitants, and when the Christians approach the confines of Kaabah, then may men look for that Emaum who is to come". And it is the general belief amongst Mussulmauns, founded on the authority of their most revered and valued writers, that Emaum Mhidhie will appear with Jesus Christ at his second coming; and with whom, they declare and firmly believe, he will act in concert to purge the world of sin and wickedness. When, they add, "all men shall be of one mind and one faith".
Of the three princ.i.p.al Roots of the Mussulmauns" faith, little need be further said in explanation. I have had various opportunities of learning their undisguised thoughts, and wish only to impart what the people are, who are so little known to the world in general. All persons having had the opportunity of studying the peculiarities of their particular faith, will, I think, give them due credit, that reverence for, and belief in G.o.d, forms a prominent trait in their character and faith: "The English translation of the Khoraun by Sale, (imperfect as all works must be, where the two languages are inadequate to speak each other"s meaning,) will tell without a commentary, that the worship of G.o.d was the foundation on which Mahumud built his code of laws; and that the prophets were all acknowledged by him as messengers sent from G.o.d to His people, in every age of the world; and, lastly, that Mahumud was the Prophet, who came when the people of the earth, vicious and profane, had fallen into the most dissolute habits, worshipping idols instead of G.o.d." This pa.s.sage is the sentiment expressed to me by a worthy man, and a true Mussulmaun; I have traced it out for the sake of explaining what is in the hearts of the Mussulmauns of the present day.
When I have conversed with some of them on the improbability of Mahumud"s prophetic mission, I have been silenced by a few words, "How many prophets were sent to the Israelites?"--"Many."--"You cannot enumerate them? then, is it too much to be probable that G.o.d"s mercy should have been graciously extended to the children of Ishmael? they also are Abraham"s seed. The Israelites had many prophets, in all of whom we believe; the Ishmaelites have one Prophet only, whose mission was to draw men from idolatry to the true G.o.d. All men, they add will be judged according to their fidelity in the faith they have professed. It is not the outward sign which makes a man the true Mussulmaun; neither is it the mere profession of Christianity which will clear the man at the last day. Religion and faith are of the heart."
In their collection of writings, I have had access to a voluminous work, ent.i.tled "Hyaatool Kaaloob"[26] (Enlightener of the Heart). My husband has translated for me, occasionally, portions of this valuable work, which bears a striking similarity to our Holy Scriptures, though collected after a different manner; I have acquired, by this means, a more intimate acquaintance with the general character of the Mussulmaun"s belief. This book contains all the prophets" lives, at every age of the world. It was compiled by Mahumud Baakur, first in Arabic, and afterwards translated by him into the Persian language, for the benefit of the public; and is of great antiquity--I cannot now ascertain the exact date.
The Mussulmaun belief on the subject of the resurrection is, "When the fulness of time cometh, of which no man knoweth, then shall the earth be destroyed by fire--and after this will be the resurrection of the dead".
The branches emanating from the roots of the Mussulmaun faith will require further explanation which shall follow in due course. I will in this letter merely add what is meant by the Bridge of Sirraat,[27] the Scales,[28] and Looking into the Book as noted in the burial service.
"The Bridge of Sirraat", they understand, is to be pa.s.sed over by every person in their pa.s.sage to eternity, and is represented sharp as the keenest sword.[29] The righteous will be gifted with power to pa.s.s over with the rapidity of lightning, neither harm nor inconvenience will attend them on the pa.s.sage. The wicked, on the contrary, will be without help, and must be many times injured and cut down in the attempt. An idea has crept into the minds of some, that whoever offers up to G.o.d, at different periods of his life, such animals as are deemed clean and fitting for sacrifice, the same number and kind, on their day of pa.s.sing Sirraat, shall be in readiness to a.s.sist them on the pa.s.sage over.
On this supposition is grounded the object of princes and n.o.bles in India offering camels in sacrifice on the day of Buckrah Eade.[30] This event answers our Scripture account of Abraham"s offering, but the Mussulmauns say, the son of Abraham so offered was Ishmael, and not Isaac. I have disputed the point with some of their learned men, and brought them to search through their authorities; in some one or two there is a doubt as to which was the son offered, but the general writers and most of the Mussulmauns themselves believe Ishmael was the offering made by Abraham.
"The Scales are true;" the Mussulmauns believe, that on the day of judgment, the good and the bad deeds of every mortal will be submitted to the scales prepared in Heaven for that purpose.
"Looking into the Book is true;" the Mussulmauns believe that every human being from their birth is attended by two angels,[31] one resting on the right shoulder the other on the left, continually; their business is to register every action of the individual they attend; when a good action is to be recorded, they beseech the Almighty in His mercy to keep the person in the good and perfect way; when evil ways are to be registered, they mourn with intercessions to G.o.d that His mercy may be extended, by granting them repentant hearts, and then, His forgiveness. Thus they explain "Looking into the Book is true", that whatever is contained in this book will be looked into on the day of judgment, and by their deeds therein registered shall they be judged.
In the "Hyaatool Kaaloob" is to be found the lives of the Emaums, from which is gleaned the following remarks:--
The Emaum Mhidhie was an orphan at nine years old. Alrouschid,[32] the King of Bagdad, advised by his wicked minister, resolved on destroying this boy (the last of the Emaums), fearing as he grew into favour with the people, that the power of his sovereignty would decrease.
The King sent certain soldiers to seize Mhidhie, who was at prayers in an inner room when they arrived. The soldiers demanded and were refused admittance they then forced an entrance and proceeded to the room in which the Emaum was supposed to be at prayers, they discovered him immersed to the waist in a tank of water; the soldiers desired him to get out of the water and surrender himself, he continued repeating his prayer, and appeared to take no notice of the men nor their demand. After some deliberations amongst the soldiers, they thought the water was too shallow to endanger their lives, and one entered the tank intending to take the Emaum prisoner, he sank instantly to rise no more, a second followed who shared the same fate; and the rest, deterred by the example of their brother soldiers, fled from the place, to report the failure of their plan to the King at Bagdad.
This writer reports that Emaum Mhidhie was secretly conveyed away, supposed by the interposition of Divine Providence, and was not again seen, to be recognized, on earth; yet it is believed he still lives and will remain for the fulfilment of that prophecy which sayeth:--"When Mecca is filled with Christian people Emaum Mhidhie will appear, to draw men to the true faith; and then also, Jesus Christ will descend from heaven to Mecca, there will be great slaughter amongst men; after which there will be but one faith--and then shall there be perfect peace and happiness over all the world."
The Mussulmauns of the present age discourse much on the subject of that prophecy--particularly during the contest between the Greeks and Turks, of which however they had no very correct information, yet they fancied the time must be fast approaching, by these leading events, to the fuller accomplishment; often, when in conversation with the most religious men of the country, I have heard them declare it as their firm belief that the time was fast approaching when there should be but one mind amongst all men. "There is but little more to finish;" "The time draws near;" are expressions of the Mussulmauns" belief, when discoursing of the period antic.i.p.ated, as prophesied in their sacred writings;--so persuaded are they of the nearness of that time. In relating the substance of my last serious conversation with the devout Meer Hadjee Shaah, I shall disclose the real sentiments of most, if not every religious reflecting, true Mussulmaun of his sect in India.
Meer Hadjee Shaah delighted in religious conversations; it was his happiest time when, in the quiet of night, the Meer, his son, translated, as I read, the Holy Bible to him. We have often been thus engaged until one or two, and even to a later hour in the morning; he remembered all he heard, and drew comparisons, in his own mind, between the two authorities of sacred writings--the Khoraun and Bible; the one he had studied through his long life, the other, he was now equally satisfied, contained the word of G.o.d; he received them both, and as the "two witnesses" of G.o.d. The last serious conversation I had with him, was a very few days before his death; he was then nearly in as good health as he had been for the last year; his great age had weakened his frame, but he walked about the grounds with his staff, as erect as when I first saw him, and evinced nothing in his general manner that could excite a suspicion that his hours had so nearly run their course.
We had been talking of the time when peace on earth should be universal; "My time, dear baittie[33] (daughter), is drawing to a quick conclusion.
You may live to see the events foretold, I shall be in my grave; but remember, I tell you now, though I am dead, yet when Jesus Christ returns to earth, at His coming, I shall rise again from my grave; and I shall be with Him, and with Emaum Mhidhie also."
This was the substance of his last serious conversation with me, and within one short week he was removed from those who loved to hear his voice; but he still lives in the memory of many, and those who knew his worth are reconciled by reflecting on the "joy that awaits the righteous".
"Other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear My voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd." Also, "In My Father"s house are many mansions". These were particularly pleasing pa.s.sages to him, and often referred to in our scriptural conversations.
[1] The Shi"ahs only wipe or rub the feet, instead of washing them, as do the Sunnis. In the standing posture (_qiyam_) in prayer, the Sunnis place the right hand over the left below the navel; the Shi"ahs keep their hands hanging on both sides of the body.
[2] I have met with the creed of the modern Jews, some time in the course of my life, in Hurd"s _History of all Religions_; the belief of the Mussulmauns, as regards the unity of G.o.d, strictly coincides with that of the Jews, described in the first four articles of their creed.
[_Author_.]
[3] _Namaz_, liturgical prayer, as contrasted with _du"a_, ordinary prayer.
[4] _Ramzan, Ramazan_.
[5] _Hajj_.
[6] _Zakat_.
[7] Khalifah, "successor," "lieutenant," "viceregent."