[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XIV.]
PHOSPHORUS (Plate XIV, 1) offers us a very curious arrangement of atoms, which will give some new forms in breaking up. Two segments are in each funnel, in fact the only two of group III _a_ which do not show this arrangement, or a modification thereof, are aluminium and a.r.s.enic.
PHOSPHORUS: Left segment 50 atoms Right segment 43 "
-- 93 6 funnels of 93 atoms 558 Atomic weight 30.77 Number weight 558/18 31.00 a.r.s.eNIC (Plate XIV, 2) resembles aluminium in having eight internal sub-divisions in a funnel, and the ovoids which form the top ring are identical, save for a minute difference that in aluminium the ovoids stand the reverse way from those in a.r.s.enic. It will be noted that in the former the top and bottom triangles of atoms have the apices upwards, and the middle one has its apex downwards. In a.r.s.enic, the top and bottom ones point downwards, and the middle one upwards. a.r.s.enic inserts sixteen spheres between the ovoids and globe shown in aluminium, and thus adds no less than one hundred and forty-four atoms to each funnel.
a.r.s.eNIC: 6 funnels of 225 atoms 1350 Atomic weight 74.45 Number weight 1350/18 75.00 ANTIMONY (Plate XIV, 3) is a close copy of indium, and the arrangement of types A and B in the funnels is identical. In the middle rings of both A and B a triplet is subst.i.tuted for a unit at the centre of the larger globe. In the lowest body of type A the "cigar" has vanished, and is represented by a seven-atomed crystalline form.
ANTIMONY: Segment A 128 atoms Segment B 113 atoms 3 funnels of 2 A and 1 B ([256 + 113]3) 1107 3 " " 2 B and 1 A ([226 + 128]3) 1056 ---- Total 2163 ---- Atomic weight 119.34 Number weight 120.16 * * * * *
VII.
BORON (Plate III, 4, and Plate XI, 1).
[Ill.u.s.tration]
The disintegration of boron is very simple: the funnels are set free and a.s.sume the spherical form, showing a central "cigar" and four globes each containing two triplets. The central globe is also set free with its four quintets, and breaks at once in two. On the meta level the "cigar" breaks up as usual, and the triplets separate. On the hyper level, the "cigar"
follows its usual course, and the triplets become duads and units. The globe forms two quintets on the meta level, and these are resolved into triplets and duads.
SCANDIUM (Plate XI, 2).
In funnel A the "cigar" and the ovoids behave as in boron, but the "balloon," _a_ 110 (XI, 4), escapes from the funnel as it changes to a sphere, and holds together on the proto level; on the meta, it yields six globes each containing seven duads, and these are all set free as duads on the hyper level; the ovoid is also set free on the meta level becoming a sphere, and on the hyper level liberates its contained bodies, as two triplets, two quartets and two s.e.xtets.
In funnel B there is a quintet, that behaves like those in the globe of boron, on escaping from the funnel, in which the bodies remain on the proto level, with the exception of _b_ 63, which escapes. On the meta level, _c_ (Plate XI, 4), _c_ a.s.sumes a tetrahedral form with six atoms at each point, and these hold together as s.e.xtets on the hyper level. At the meta stage, _b_ (Plate XI, 4 _b_) sets free seven nine-atomed bodies, which become free triplets on the hyper. The central globe shows a cross at its centre, with the four quintets whirling round it, on the proto level. On the meta, the quintets are set free, and follow the boron type, while the cross becomes a quartet on the meta level, and two duads on the hyper.
YTTRIUM (Plate XI, 3).
[Ill.u.s.tration]
In yttrium, on the proto level, _a_ 110 and _b_ 63 both escape from the funnel, and behave as in scandium. The ovoids and "cigars," set free on the meta level, behave as in boron. The central globe breaks up as in gold (pp.
49 and 50), four quartets being set free instead of two quartets and two triplets. We have only to consider _e_ 8 and _d_ 20 (Plate XI, 4). _E_ 8 is a tetrahedral arrangement of duads on the meta level, set free as duads on the hyper. _D_ 20 is an arrangement of pairs of duads at the angles of a square-based pyramid on the meta, and again free duads on the hyper.
NITROGEN (Plate XII, 1).
Nitrogen has nothing new to show us, all its const.i.tuents having appeared in scandium and yttrium.
VANADIUM (Plate XII, 2).
The A funnel of vanadium repeats the A funnel of scandium, with the addition of _d_ 20, already studied. In the B funnel scandium B is repeated, with an addition of _d_ 20 and a s.e.xtet for a quintet; the s.e.xtet is the _c_ of the "nitrogen balloon." The central globe follows boron, save that it has a septet for its centre; this was figured in iodine (p. 48).
NIOBIUM (Plate XII, 3).
Niobium only differs from yttrium by the introduction of triplets for duads in _e_; on the meta level we have therefore triplets, and on the hyper each triplet yields a duad and a unit. The only other difference is in the central globe. The tetrahedra separate as usual, but liberate eight "cigars" instead of four with four quartets; the central body is simple, becoming three triads at the angles of a triangle on the meta level, and three duads and three units on the hyper.
ALUMINIUM (Plate XIII, 1).
[Ill.u.s.tration]
The funnels let go the globes, but the eight ovoids remain within them, so that seven bodies are let loose on the proto level. When the ovoids are set free at the meta stage they become spherical and a nine-atomed body is produced, which breaks up into triangles on the hyper level. The globe becomes a cross at the meta stage, with one atom from the duads at each arm in addition to its own, and these form four duads on the hyper, and a unit from the centre.
GALLIUM (Plate XIII, 2).
In gallium the funnel disappears on the proto level, setting free its two contained segments, each of which forms a cylinder, thus yielding twelve bodies on the proto level. On the meta, the three upper globes in each left-hand segment are set free, and soon vanish, each liberating a cigar and two septets, the quartet and triad uniting. On the hyper the quartet yields two duads but the triangle persists. The second set of bodies divide on the meta level, forming a s.e.xtet and a cross with a duad at each arm; these on the hyper level divide into two triangles, four duads and a unit.
The seven-atomed cone becomes two triangles united by a single atom, and on the meta level these form a ring round the unit; on the hyper they form three duads and a unit.
In the right-hand segment, the same policy is followed, the four triads becoming two s.e.xtets, while the central body adds a third to the number.
The second ring has a quartet instead of the s.e.xtet, but otherwise breaks up as does that of the left; the quintet at the base follows that of boron.
INDIUM (Plate XIII, 3).
The complication of three segments of different types in each funnel does not affect the process of breaking up, and indium needs little attention. A is exactly the same as the left-hand funnel of gallium, save for the subst.i.tution of a globe containing the familiar "cigar" and two square-based pyramids. B is the same as the right-hand funnel of gallium, except that its lowest body consists of two square-based pyramids and a tetrahedron. All these are familiar.
PHOSPHORUS (Plate XIV, 1).
[Ill.u.s.tration]
The atoms in the six similar spheres in the segments of the phosphorus funnel are arranged on the eight angles of a cube, and the central one is attached to all of them. On the meta level five of the nine atoms hold together and place themselves on the angles of a square-based pyramid; the remaining four set themselves on the angle of a tetrahedron. They yield, on the hyper level, two triads, a duad, and a unit. The remaining bodies are simple and familiar.
a.r.s.eNIC (Plate XIV, 2).
a.r.s.enic shows the same ovoids and globe as have already been broken up in aluminium (see _ante_); the remaining sixteen spheres form nine-atomed bodies on the meta level, all similar to those of aluminium, thus yielding twelve positive and twelve negative; the globe also yields a nine-atomed body, twenty-five bodies of nine.
ANTIMONY (Plate XIV, 3).
Antimony follows closely in the track of gallium and indium, the upper ring of spheres being identical. In the second ring, a triplet is subst.i.tuted for the unit, and this apparently throws the cross out of gear, and we have a new eleven-atomed figure, which breaks up into a triplet and two quartets on the hyper level. The lowest seven-atomed sphere of the three at the base is the same as we met with in copper.
VIII.
IV.--THE OCTAHEDRAL GROUPS.
These groups are at the turns of the spiral in Sir William Crookes"
lemniscates (see p. 28). On the one side is carbon, with below it t.i.tanium and zirconium; on the other silicon, with germanium and tin. The characteristic form is an octahedron, rounded at the angles and a little depressed between the faces in consequence of the rounding; in fact, we did not, at first, recognize it as an octahedron, and we called it the "corded bale," the nearest likeness that struck us. The members of the group are all tetrads, and have eight funnels, opening on the eight faces of the octahedron. The first group is paramagnetic and positive; the corresponding one is diamagnetic and negative. The two groups are not closely allied in composition, though both t.i.tanium and tin have in common the five intersecting tetrahedra at their respective centres.
[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XV.]
CARBON (Plate III, 5, and XV, 1) gives us the fundamental octahedral form, which becomes so masked in t.i.tanium and zirconium. As before said (p. 30), the protrusion of the arms in these suggests the old Rosicrucian symbol of the cross and rose, but they show at their ends the eight carbon funnels with their characteristic contents, and thus justify their relationship.
The funnels are in pairs, one of each pair showing three "cigars," and having as its fellow a funnel in which the middle "cigar" is truncated, thus loosing one atom. Each "cigar" has a leaf-like body at its base, and in the centre of the octahedron is a globe containing four atoms, each within its own wall; these lie on the dividing lines of the faces, and each holds a pair of the funnels together. It seems as though this atom had been economically taken from the "cigar" to form a link. This will be more clearly seen when we come to separate the parts from each other. It will be noticed that the atoms in the "leaves" at the base vary in arrangement, being alternately in a line and in a triangle.
{ left 27 CARBON: One pair of funnels { right 22 { centre 1 -- 54 4 pairs of funnels of 54 atoms 216 Atomic weight 11.91 Number weight 216/18 12.00 t.i.tANIUM (Plate III, 6, and XV, 2) has a complete carbon atom distributed over the ends of its four arms, a pair of funnels with their linking atom being seen in each. Then, in each arm, comes the elaborate body shown as 3 _c_, with its eighty-eight atoms. A ring of twelve ovoids (3 _d_) each holding within itself fourteen atoms, distributed among three contained globes--two quartets and a s.e.xtet--is a new device for crowding in material. Lastly comes the central body (4 _e_) of five intersecting tetrahedra, with a "cigar" at each of their twenty points--of which only fifteen can be shown in the diagram--and a ring of seven atoms round an eighth, that forms the minute centre of the whole. Into this elaborate body one hundred and twenty-eight atoms are built.
t.i.tANIUM: One carbon atom 216 4 _c_ of 88 atoms 352 12 _d_ of 14 " 168 Central globe 128 ---- Total 864 ---- Atomic weight 47.74 Number weight 864/18 48.00 ZIRCONIUM (Plate XV, 3) has exactly the same outline as t.i.tanium, the carbon atom is similarly distributed, and the central body is identical.
Only in 5 _c_ and _d_ do we find a difference on comparing them with 4 _c_ and d. The _c_ ovoid in zirconium shows no less than fifteen secondary globes within the five contained in the ovoid, and these, in turn, contain altogether sixty-nine smaller spheres, with two hundred and twelve atoms within them, arranged in pairs, triplets, quartets, quintets, a s.e.xtet and septets. Finally, the ovoids of the ring are also made more elaborate, showing thirty-six atoms instead of fourteen. In this way the clever builders have piled up in zirconium no less than 1624 atoms.
ZIRCONIUM: One Carbon atom 216 4 _c_ of 212 atoms 848 12 _d_ of 36 " 432 Central globe 128 ---- Total 1624 ---- Atomic weight 89.85 Number weight 90.22 [Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XVI.]
SILICON (Plate XVI, 1) is at the head of the group which corresponds to carbon on the opposite turn of the lemniscate. It has the usual eight funnels, containing four ovoids in a circle, and a truncated "cigar" but no central body of any kind. All the funnels are alike.