_From a Copy, in the possession of F.G. Crace, Esq., of the earliest known view of London, taken by Van der Wyngarde for Philip II. of Spain._]
It is probable that this gentleman had actually ascended to the top of St. Paul"s, and that impressions there received, being afterwards renewed in his mind when in a state of vivid excitement, in a dream of ecstatic reverie, became so blended with the creations of fancy as to form one mysterious vision, in which the true and the imaginary were afterwards inseparable. Such, at least, is the best explanation of the phenomena which occurs to us.
In 1855 the fees for seeing St. Paul"s completely were 4s. 4d. each person. In 1847 the mere twopences paid to see the forty monuments produced the four vergers the sum of 430 3s. 8d. These exorbitant fees originated in the "stairs-foot money" started by Jennings, the carpenter, in 1707, as a fund for the injured during the building of the cathedral.
The staff of the cathedral consists of the dean, the precentor, the chancellor, the treasurer, the five archdeacons of London, Middles.e.x, Ess.e.x, Colchester, and St. Albans, thirty major canons or prebendaries (four of whom are resident), twelve minor canons, and six vicars-choral, besides the choristers. One of the vicars-choral officiates as organist, and three of the minor canons hold the appointments of sub-dean, librarian, and succentor, or under-precentor.
Three of the most celebrated men connected with St. Paul"s in the last century have been Milman, Sydney Smith, and Barham (the author of "Ingoldsby Legends"). Smith and Barham both died in 1845.
Of Sydney Smith"s connection with St. Paul"s we have many interesting records. One of the first things Lord Grey said on entering Downing Street, to a relation who was with him, was, "Now I shall be able to do something for Sydney Smith," and shortly after he was appointed by the Premier to a prebendal stall at St. Paul"s, in exchange for the one he held at Bristol.
Mr. c.o.c.kerell, the architect, and superintendent of St. Paul"s Cathedral, in a letter printed in Lady Holland"s "Memoir," describes the _gesta_ of the canon residentiary; how his early communications with himself (Mr. C.) and all the officers of the chapter were extremely unpleasant; but when the canon had investigated the matter, and there had been "a little collision," nothing could be more candid and kind than his subsequent treatment. He examined the prices of all the materials used in the repairs of the cathedral--as Portland stone, putty, and white lead; every item was taxed, payments were examined, and nothing new could be undertaken without his survey and personal superintendence. He surveyed the pinnacles and heights of the sacred edifice; and once, when it was feared he might stick fast in a narrow opening of the western towers, he declared that "if there were six inches of s.p.a.ce there would be room enough for him." The insurance of the magnificent cathedral, Mr. c.o.c.kerell tells us, engaged his early attention; St. Paul"s was speedily and effectually insured in some of the most substantial offices in London. Not satisfied with this security, he advised the introduction of the mains of the New River into the lower parts of the fabric, and cisterns and movable engines in the roof; and quite justifiable was his joke, that "he would reproduce the Deluge in our cathedral."
He had also the library heated by a stove, so as to be more comfortable to the studious; and the bindings of the books were repaired. Lastly, Mr. Smith materially a.s.sisted the progress of a suit in Chancery, by the successful result of which a considerable addition was made to the fabric fund.
It is very gratifying to read these circ.u.mstantial records of the practical qualities of Mr. Sydney Smith, as applied to the preservation of our magnificent metropolitan cathedral.
Before we leave Mr. Smith we may record an odd story of Lady B. calling the vergers "virgins." She asked Mr. Smith, one day, if it was true that he walked down St. Paul"s with three virgins holding silver pokers before him. He shook his head and looked very grave, and bade her come and see. "Some enemy of the Church," he said, "some Dissenter, had clearly been misleading her."
Let us recapitulate a few of the English poets who have made special allusions to St. Paul"s in their writings. Denham says of the restoration of St. Paul"s, began by Charles I.:--
"First salutes the place, Crowned with that sacred pile, so vast, so high, That whether "tis a part of earth or sky Uncertain seems, and may be thought a proud Aspiring mountain or descending cloud.
Paul"s, the late theme of such a muse, whose flight Has bravely reached and soared above thy height, Now shalt thou stand, though sword, or time, or fire, Or zeal more fierce than they, thy fall conspire; Secure, while thee the best of poets sings, Preserved from ruin by the best of kings."
Byron, in the Tenth Canto of "Don Juan," treats St. Paul"s contemptuously--sneering, as was his affectation, at everything, human or divine:--
"A mighty ma.s.s of brick, and smoke, and shipping, Dirty and dusky, but as wide as eye Could reach, with here and there a sail just skipping In sight, then lost amidst the forestry Of masts; a wilderness of steeples peeping On tiptoe through their sea-coal canopy; A huge, dim cupola, like a foolscap crown On a fool"s head--and there is London Town!"
Among other English poets who have sung of St. Paul"s, we must not forget Tom Hood, with his delightfully absurd ode, written on the cross, and full of most wise folly:--
"The man that pays his pence and goes Up to thy lofty cross, St. Paul"s, Looks over London"s naked nose, Women and men; The world is all beneath his ken; He sits above the ball, He seems on Mount Olympus" top, Among the G.o.ds, by Jupiter! and lets drop His eyes from the empyreal clouds On mortal crowds.
"Seen from these skies, How small those emmets in our eyes!
Some carry little sticks, and one His eggs, to warm them in the sun; Dear, what a hustle And bustle!
And there"s my aunt! I know her by her waist, So long and thin, And so pinch"d in, Just in the pismire taste.
"Oh, what are men! Beings so small That, should I fall, Upon their little heads, I must Crush them by hundreds into dust.
"And what is life and all its ages!
There"s seven stages!
Turnham Green! Chelsea! Putney! Fulham!
Brentford and Kew!
And Tooting, too!
And, oh, what very little nags to pull "em!
Yet each would seem a horse indeed, If here at Paul"s tip-top we"d got "em!
Although, like Cinderella"s breed, They"re mice at bottom.
Then let me not despise a horse, Though he looks small from Paul"s high cross; Since he would be, as near the sky, Fourteen hands high.
"What is this world with London in its lap?
Mogg"s map.
The Thames that ebbs and flows in its broad channel?
A _tidy_ kennel!
The bridges stretching from its banks?
Stone planks.
Oh, me! Hence could I read an admonition To mad Ambition!
But that he would not listen to my call, Though I should stand upon the cross, and _ball_!"
We can hardly close our account of St. Paul"s without referring to that most beautiful and touching of all London sights, the anniversary of the charity schools on the first Thursday in June. About 8,000 children are generally present, ranged in a vast amphitheatre under the dome. Blake, the true but unrecognised predecessor of Wordsworth, has written an exquisite little poem on the scene, and well it deserves it. Such nosegays of little rosy faces can be seen on no other day. Very grand and overwhelming are the beadles of St. Mary Axe and St. Margaret Moses on this tremendous morning, and no young ensign ever bore his colours prouder than do these good-natured dignitaries their maces, staves, and ponderous badges. In endless ranks pour in the children, clothed in all sorts of quaint dresses. Boys in the knee-breeches of Hogarth"s school-days, bearing glittering pewter badges on their coats; girls in blue and orange, with quaint little mob-caps white as snow, and long white gloves covering all their little arms. See, at a given signal of an extraordinary fugleman, how they all rise; at another signal how they hustle down. Then at last, when the "Old Hundredth" begins, all the little voices unite as the blending of many waters. Such fresh, happy voices, singing with such innocent, heedful tenderness as would bring tears to the eyes of even stony-hearted old Malthus, bring to the most irreligious thoughts of Him who bade little children come to Him, and would not have them repulsed.
Blake"s poem begins--
""Twas on a Holy Thursday, their innocent faces clean, Came children walking two and two, in red and blue and green; Grey-headed beadles walked before, with wands as white as snow, Till into the high dome of Paul"s they like Thames" waters flow.
"Oh, what a mult.i.tude they seemed, those flowers of London town; Seated in companies they were, with radiance all their own; The hum of mult.i.tudes was there, but mult.i.tudes of lambs, Thousands of little boys and girls, raising their innocent hands.
"Now like a mighty wind they raise to heaven the voice of song, Or like harmonious thunderings the seats of heaven among; Beneath them sit the aged men, wise guardians of the poor; Then cherish pity, lest you drive an angel from your door."
The anniversary Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, in the middle of May, when the choirs of Westminster and the Chapel Royal sing selections from Handel and other great masters, is also a day not easily to be forgotten, for St. Paul"s is excellent for sound, and the fine music rises like incense to the dome, and lingers there as "loth to die,"
arousing thoughts that, as Wordsworth beautifully says, are in themselves proofs of our immortality. It is on such occasions we feel how great a genius reared St. Paul"s, and cry out with the poet--
"He thought not of a perishable home Who thus could build."
CHAPTER XXII.
ST. PAUL"S CHURCHYARD.
St. Paul"s Churchyard and Literature--Queen Anne"s Statue--Execution of a Jesuit in St. Paul"s Churchyard--Miracle of the "Face in the Straw"--Wilkinson"s Story--Newbery the Bookseller--Paul"s Chain--"c.o.c.ker"--Chapter House of St. Paul"s--St. Paul"s Coffee House--Child"s Coffee House and the Clergy--Garrick"s Club at the "Queen"s Arms," and the Company there--"Sir Benjamin" Figgins--Johnson the Bookseller--Hunter and his Guests--Fuseli--Bonnycastle--Kinnaird--Musical a.s.sociations of the Churchyard--Jeremiah Clark and his Works--Handel at Meares" Shop--Young the Violin Maker--The "Castle" Concerts--An Old Advertis.e.m.e.nt--Wren at the "Goose and Gridiron"--St. Paul"s School--Famous Paulines--Pepys visiting his Old School--Milton at St. Paul"s.
The shape of St. Paul"s Churchyard has been compared to that of a bow and a string. The south side is the bow, the north the string. The booksellers overflowing from Fleet Street mustered strong here, till the Fire scared them off to Little Britain, from whence they regurgitated to the Row. At the sign of the "White Greyhound" the first editions of Shakespeare"s "Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece," the first-fruits of a great harvest, were published by John Harrison. At the "Flower de Luce" and the "Crown" appeared the _Merry Wives of Windsor_; at the "Green Dragon," in the same locality, the _Merchant of Venice_; at the "Fox," _Richard II._; at the "Angel," _Richard III._; at the "Gun," _t.i.tus Andronicus_; and at the "Red Bull," that masterpiece, _King Lear_. So that in this area near the Row the great poet must have paced with his first proofs in his doublet-pocket, wondering whether he should ever rival Spenser, or become immortal, like Chaucer. Here he must have come smiling over Falstaff"s perils, and here have walked with the ripened certainty of greatness and of fame stirring at his heart.
The ground-plot of the Cathedral is 2 acres 16 perches 70 feet. The western area of the churchyard marks the site of St. Gregory"s Church.
On the mean statue of Queen Anne a scurrilous epigram was once written by some ribald Jacobite, who spoke of the queen--
"With her face to the brandy-shop and her back to the church."
The precinct wall of St. Paul"s first ran from Ave Maria Lane eastward along Paternoster Row to the old Exchange, Cheapside, and then southwards to Carter Lane, at the end of which it turned to Ludgate Archway. In the reign of Edward II. the Dean and Chapter, finding the precinct a resort of thieves and courtesans, rebuilt and purified it.
Within, at the north-west corner, stood the bishop"s palace, beyond which, eastward, was Pardon Churchyard and Becket Chapel, rebuilt with a stately cloister in the reign of Henry V. On the walls of this cloister, pulled down by the greedy Protector Somerset (Edward VI.), was painted one of those grim Dances of Death which Holbein at last carried to perfection. The cloister was full of monuments, and above was a library. In an enclosure east of this stood the College of Minor Canons; and at Canon Alley, east, was a burial chapel called the Charnel, from whence Somerset sent cart-loads of bones to Finsbury Fields. East of Canon Alley stood Paul"s Cross, where open-air sermons were preached to the citizens, and often to the reigning monarch. East of it rose St.
Paul"s School and a belfrey tower, in which hung the famous Jesus bells, won at dice by Sir Giles Partridge from that Ahab of England, Henry VIII. On the south side stood the Dean and Chapter"s garden, dormitory, refectory, kitchen, slaughterhouse, and brewery. These eventually yielded to a cloister, near which, ab.u.t.ting on the cathedral wall, stood the chapter-house and the Church of St. Gregory. Westward were the houses of the residentiaries; and the deanery, according to Milman, an excellent authority, stood on its present site. The precinct had six gates--the first and chief in Ludgate Street; the second in Paul"s Alley, leading to Paternoster Row; the third in Canon Alley, leading to the north door; the fourth, a little gate leading to Cheapside; the fifth, the Augustine gate, leading to Watling Street; the sixth, on the south side, by Paul"s Chain. On the south tower of the west front was the Lollard"s Tower, a bishop"s prison for ecclesiastical offenders.
The 2,500 railings of the churchyard and the seven ornamental gates, weighing altogether two hundred tons, were cast in Kent, and cost 6d. a pound. The whole cost 11,202 0s. 6d.
In 1606 St. Paul"s Churchyard was the scene of the execution of Father Garnet, one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators--the only execution, as far as we know, that ever desecrated that spot. It is very doubtful, after all, whether Garnet was cognizant that the plot was really to be carried out, though he may have strongly suspected some dangerous and deadly conspiracy, and the Roman Catholics were prepared to see miracles wrought at his death.
On the 3rd day of May, 1606 (to condense Dr. Abbott"s account), Garnet was drawn upon a hurdle, according to the usual practice, to his place of execution. The Recorder of London, the Dean of St. Paul"s, and the Dean of Winchester were present, by command of the King--the former in the King"s name, and the two latter in the name of G.o.d and Christ, to a.s.sist Garnet with such advice as suited the condition of a dying man.