"Doctors" Commons," says Defoe, "was a name very well known in Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, because all ships that were taken during the last wars, belonging to those nations, on suspicion of trading with France, were brought to trial here; which occasioned that sarcastic saying abroad that we have often heard in conversation, that England was a fine country, but a man called Doctors" Commons was a devil, for there was no getting out of his clutches, let one"s cause be never so good, without paying a great deal of money."
A writer in Knight"s "London" (1843) gives a pleasant sketch of the Court of Arches in that year. The Common Hall, where the Court of Arches, the Prerogative Court, the Consistory Court, and the Admiralty Court all held their sittings, was a comfortable place, with dark polished wainscoting reaching high up the walls, while above hung the richly emblazoned arms of learned doctors dead and gone; the fire burned cheerily in the central stove. The dresses of the unengaged advocates in scarlet and ermine, and of the proctors in ermine and black, were picturesque. The opposing advocates sat in high galleries, and the absence of prisoner"s dock and jury-box--nay, even of a public--impressed the stranger with a sense of agreeable novelty.
Apropos of the Court of Arches once held in Bow Church. "The Commissary Court of Surrey," says Mr. Jeaffreson, in his "Book about the Clergy,"
"still holds sittings in the Church of St. Saviour"s, Southwark; and any of my London readers, who are at the small pains to visit that n.o.ble church during a sitting of the Commissary"s Court, may ascertain for himself that, notwithstanding our reverence for consecrated places, we can still use them as chambers of justice. The court, of course, is a spiritual court, but the great, perhaps the greater, part of the business transacted at its sittings is of an essentially secular kind."
The nature of the business in the Court of Arches may be best shown by the brief summary given in the report for three years--1827, 1828, and 1829. There were 21 matrimonial cases; 1 of defamation; 4 of brawling; 5 church-smiting; 1 church-rate; 1 legacy; 1 t.i.thes; 4 correction. Of these 17 were appeals from the courts, and 21 original suits.
The cases in the Court of Arches were often very trivial. "There was a case," says Dr. Nicholls, "in which the cause had originally commenced in the Archdeacon"s Court at Totnes, and thence there had been an appeal to the Court at Exeter, thence to the Arches, and thence to the Delegates; after all, the issue having been simply, which of two persons had the right of hanging his hat on a particular peg." The other is of a sadder cast, and calculated to arouse a just indignation. Our authority is Mr. T.W. Sweet (Report on Eccles. Courts), who states: "In one instance, many years since, a suit was inst.i.tuted which I thought produced a great deal of inconvenience and distress. It was the case of a person of the name of Russell, whose wife was supposed to have had her character impugned at Yarmouth by a Mr. Bentham. He had no remedy at law for the attack upon the lady"s character, and a suit for defamation was inst.i.tuted in the Commons. It was supposed the suit would be attended with very little expense, but I believe in the end it greatly contributed to ruin the party who inst.i.tuted it; I think he said his proctor"s bill would be 700. It went through several courts, and ultimately, I believe (according to the decision or agreement), each party paid his own costs." It appears from the evidence subsequently given by the proctor, that he very humanely declined pressing him for payment, and never was paid; and yet the case, through the continued anxiety and loss of time incurred for six or seven years (for the suit lasted that time), mainly contributed, it appears, to the party"s ruin.
[Ill.u.s.tration: THE PREROGATIVE OFFICE, DOCTORS" COMMONS.]
As the law once stood, says a writer in Knight"s "London," if a person died possessed of property lying entirely within the diocese where he died, probate or proof of the will is made, or administration taken out, before the bishop or ordinary of that diocese; but if there were goods and chattels only to the amount of 5 (except in the diocese of London, where the amount is 10)--in legal parlance, _bona notabilia_--within any other diocese, and which is generally the case, then the jurisdiction lies in the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of the province--that is, either at York or at Doctors" Commons; the latter, we need hardly say, being the Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The two Prerogative Courts therefore engross the great proportion of the business of this kind through the country, for although the Ecclesiastical Courts have no power over the bequests of or succession to unmixed real property, if such were left, cases of that nature seldom or never occur. And, as between the two provinces, not only is that of Canterbury much more important and extensive, but since the introduction of the funding system, and the extensive diffusion of such property, nearly all wills of importance belonging even to the Province of York are also proved in Doctors" Commons, on account of the rule of the Bank of England to acknowledge no probate of wills but from thence. To this cause, amongst others, may be attributed the striking fact that the business of this court between the three years ending with 1789, and the three years ending with 1829, had been doubled. Of the vast number of persons affected, or at least interested in this business, we see not only from the crowded rooms, but also from the statement given in the report of the select committee on the Admiralty and other Courts of Doctors" Commons in 1833, where it appears that in one year (1829) the number of searches amounted to 30,000. In the same year extracts were taken from wills in 6,414 cases.
[Ill.u.s.tration: ST. PAUL"S AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. (_From Aggas" Plan, 1563._)]
On the south side is the entry to the Prerogative Court, and at No. 10 the Faculty Office. They have no marriage licences at the Faculty Office of an earlier date than October, 1632, and up to 1695 they are only imperfectly preserved. There is a MS. index to the licences prior to 1695, for which the charge for a search is 4s. 6d. Since 1695 the licences have been regularly kept, and the fee for searching is a shilling.
The great Admiralty judge of the early part of this century was Dr.
Johnson"s friend, Lord Stowell, the brother of Lord Eldon.
According to Sir Herbert Jenner Fust, Lord Stowell"s decisions during the war have since formed a code of international law, almost universally recognised. In one year alone (1806) he p.r.o.nounced 2,206 decrees. Lord Stowell (then Dr. Scott) was made Advocate-General in Doctors" Commons in 1788, and Vicar-General or official princ.i.p.al for the Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon after he became Master of the Faculties, and in 1798 was nominated Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, the highest dignity of the Doctors" Commons Courts. During the great French war, it is said Dr. Scott sometimes received as much as 1,000 a case for fees and perquisites in a prize cause. He left at his death personal property exceeding 200,000. He used to say that he admired above all other investments "the sweet simplicity of the Three per Cents.," and when purchasing estate after estate, observed "he liked plenty of elbow-room."
"It was," says Warton, "by visiting Sir Robert Chambers, when a fellow of University, that Johnson became acquainted with Lord Stowell; and when Chambers went to India, Lord Stowell, as he expressed it to me, seemed to succeed to his place in Johnson"s friendship."
"Sir William Scott (Lord Stowell)," says Boswell, "told me that when he complained of a headache in the post-chaise, as they were travelling together to Scotland, Johnson treated him in a rough manner--"At your age, sir, I had no headache."
"Mr. Scott"s amiable manners and attachment to our Socrates," says Boswell in Edinburgh, "at once united me to him. He told me that before I came in the doctor had unluckily had a bad specimen of Scottish cleanliness. He then drank no fermented liquor. He asked to have his lemonade made sweeter; upon which the waiter, with his greasy fingers, lifted a lump of sugar and put it into it. The doctor, in indignation, threw it out. Scott said he was afraid he would have knocked the waiter down."
Again Boswell says:--"We dined together with Mr. Scott, now Sir William Scott, his Majesty"s Advocate-General, at his chambers in the Temple--n.o.body else there. The company being so small, Johnson was not in such high spirits as he had been the preceding day, and for a considerable time little was said. At last he burst forth--"Subordination is sadly broken down in this age. No man, now, has the same authority which his father had--except a gaoler. No master has it over his servants; it is diminished in our colleges; nay, in our grammar schools.""
"Sir William Scott informs me that on the death of the late Lord Lichfield, who was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, he said to Johnson, "What a pity it is, sir, that you did not follow the profession of the law! You might have been Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, and attained to the dignity of the peerage; and now that the t.i.tle of Lichfield, your native city, is extinct, you might have had it." Johnson upon this seemed much agitated, and in an angry tone exclaimed, "Why will you vex me by suggesting this when it is too late?""
The strange marriage of Lord Stowell and the Marchioness of Sligo has been excellently described by Mr. Jeaffreson in his "Book of Lawyers."
"On April 10, 1813," says our author, "the decorous Sir William Scott, and Louisa Catherine, widow of John, Marquis of Sligo, and daughter of Admiral Lord Howe, were united in the bonds of holy wedlock, to the infinite amus.e.m.e.nt of the world of fashion, and to the speedy humiliation of the bridegroom. So incensed was Lord Eldon at his brother"s folly that he refused to appear at the wedding; and certainly the chancellor"s displeasure was not without reason, for the notorious absurdity of the affair brought ridicule on the whole of the Scott family connection. The happy couple met for the first time in the Old Bailey, when Sir William Scott and Lord Ellenborough presided at the trial of the marchioness"s son, the young Marquis of Sligo, who had incurred the anger of the law by luring into his yacht, in Mediterranean waters, two of the king"s seamen. Throughout the hearing of that _cause celebre_, the Marchioness sat in the fetid court of the Old Bailey, in the hope that her presence might rouse amongst the jury or in the bench feelings favourable to her son. This hope was disappointed. The verdict having been given against the young peer, he was ordered to pay a fine of 5,000, and undergo four months" incarceration in Newgate, and--worse than fine and imprisonment--was compelled to listen to a parental address, from Sir William Scott, on the duties and responsibilities of men of high station. Either under the influence of sincere admiration for the judge, or impelled by desire of vengeance on the man who had presumed to lecture her son in a court of justice, the marchioness wrote a few hasty words of thanks to Sir William Scott, for his salutary exhortation to her boy. She even went so far as to say that she wished the erring marquis could always have so wise a counsellor at his side.
This communication was made upon a slip of paper, which the writer sent to the judge by an usher of the court. Sir William read the note as he sat on the bench, and having looked towards the fair scribe, he received from her a glance and a smile that were fruitful of much misery to him.
Within four months the courteous Sir William Scott was tied fast to a beautiful, shrill, voluble termagant, who exercised marvellous ingenuity in rendering him wretched and contemptible. Reared in a stately school of old-world politeness, the unhappy man was a model of decorum and urbanity. He took reasonable pride in the perfection of his tone and manner, and the marchioness--whose malice did not lack cleverness--was never more happy than when she was gravely expostulating with him, in the presence of numerous auditors, on his lamentable want of style and gentleman-like bearing. It is said that, like c.o.ke and Holt under similar circ.u.mstances, Sir William preferred the quietude of his chambers to the society of an unruly wife, and that in the cellar of his inn he sought compensation for the indignities and sufferings which he endured at home."
"Sir William Scott," says Mr. Surtees, then "removed from Doctors"
Commons to his wife"s house in Grafton Street, and, ever economical in his domestic expenses, brought with him his own door-plate, and placed it under the pre-existing plate of Lady Sligo, instead of getting a new door-plate for them both. Immediately after the marriage, Mr. Jekyll, so well known in the earliest part of this century for his puns and humour, happening to observe the position of these plates, condoled with Sir William on having to "knock under." There was too much truth in the joke for it to be inwardly relished, and Sir William ordered the plates to be transposed. A few weeks later Jekyll accompanied his friend Scott as far as the door, when the latter observed, "You see I don"t knock under now." "Not now," was the answer received by the antiquated bridegroom; "_now_ you knock up.""
There is a good story current of Lord Stowell in Newcastle, that, when advanced in age and rank, he visited the school of his boyhood. An old woman, whose business was to clean out and keep the key of the school-room, conducted him. She knew the name and station of the personage whom she accompanied. She naturally expected some recompense--half-a-crown perhaps--perhaps, since he was so great a man, five shillings. But he lingered over the books, and asked a thousand questions about the fate of his old school-fellows; and as he talked her expectation rose--half-a-guinea--a guinea--nay, possibly (since she had been so long connected with the school in which the great man took so deep an interest) some little annuity! He wished her good-bye kindly, called her a good woman, and slipped a piece of money into her hand--it was a sixpence!
"Lord Stowell," says Mr. Surtees, "was a great eater. As Lord Eldon had for his favourite dish liver and bacon, so his brother had a favourite quite as homely, with which his intimate friends, when he dined with them, would treat him. It was a rich pie, compounded of beef steaks and layers of oysters. Yet the feats which Lord Stowell performed with the knife and fork were eclipsed by those which he would afterwards display with the bottle, and two bottles of port formed with him no uncommon potation. By wine, however, he was never, in advanced life at any rate, seen to be affected. His mode of living suited and improved his const.i.tution, and his strength long increased with his years."
At the western end of Holborn there was a room generally let for exhibitions. At the entrance Lord Stowell presented himself, eager to see the "green monster serpent," which had lately issued cards of invitation to the public. As he was pulling out his purse to pay for his admission, a sharp but honest north-country lad, whose business it was to take the money, recognised him as an old customer, and, knowing his name, thus addressed him: "We can"t take your shilling, my lord; "tis t"
old serpent, which you have seen six times before, in other colours; but ye can go in and see her." He entered, saved his money, and enjoyed his seventh visit to the "real original old sea-sarpint."
Of Lord Stowell it has been said by Lord Brougham that "his vast superiority was apparent when, as from an eminence, he was called to survey the whole field of dispute, and to unravel the variegated facts, disentangle the intricate mazes, and array the conflicting reasons, which were calculated to distract or suspend men"s judgment." And Brougham adds that "if ever the praise of being luminous could be bestowed upon human compositions, it was upon his."
It would be impossible with the s.p.a.ce at our command to give anything like a t.i.the of the good stories of this celebrated judge. We must pa.s.s on to other famous men who have sat on the judicial bench in Doctors"
Commons.
Of Sir Herbert Jenner Fust, one of the great ecclesiastical judges of modern times, Mr. Jeaffreson tells a good story:--
"In old Sir Herbert"s later days it was no mere pleasantry, or bold figure of speech, to say that the court had risen, for he used to be lifted from his chair and carried bodily from the chamber of justice by two brawny footmen. Of course, as soon as the judge was about to be elevated by his bearers, the bar rose; and, also as a matter of course, the bar continued to stand until the strong porters had conveyed their weighty and venerable burden along the platform behind one of the rows of advocates and out of sight. As the trio worked their laborious way along the platform, there seemed to be some danger that they might blunder and fall through one of the windows into the s.p.a.ce behind the court; and at a time when Sir Herbert and Dr. ---- were at open variance, that waspish advocate had, on one occasion, the bad taste to keep his seat at the rising of the court, and with characteristic malevolence of expression say to the footmen, "Mind, my men, and take care of that judge of yours; or, by Jove, you"ll pitch him out of the window." It is needless to say that this brutal speech did not raise the speaker in the opinion of the hearers."
Dr. Lushington, recently deceased, aged ninety-one, is another ecclesiastical judge deserving notice. He entered Parliament in 1807, and retired in 1841. He began his political career when the Portland Administration (Perceval, Castlereagh, and Canning) ruled, and was always a steadfast reformer through good and evil report. He was one of the counsel for Queen Caroline, and aided Brougham and Denman in the popular triumph. He worked hard against slavery and for Parliamentary reform, and had not only heard many of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell"s earliest speeches, but also those of Mr. Gladstone and Mr.
Disraeli. "Though it seemed," says the _Daily News_, "a little incongruous that questions of faith and ritual in the Church, and those of seizures or accidents at sea, should be adjudicated on by the same person, it was always felt that his decisions were based on ample knowledge of the law and diligent attention to the special circ.u.mstances of the individual case. As Dean of Arches he was called to p.r.o.nounce judgment in some of the most exciting ecclesiastical suits of modern times. When the first prosecutions were directed against the Ritualistic innovators, as they were then called, of St. Barnabas, both sides congratulated themselves that the judgment would be given by so venerable and experienced a judge; and perhaps the dissatisfaction of both sides with the judgment proved its justice. In the prosecution of the Rev. H.B. Wilson and Dr. Rowland Williams, Dr. Lushington again p.r.o.nounced a judgment which, contrary to popular expectation, was reversed on appeal by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."
But how can we leave Doctors" Commons without remembering--as we see the touters for licences, who look like half pie-men, half watermen--Sam Weller"s inimitable description of the trap into which his father fell?
"Paul"s Churchyard, sir," says Sam to Jingle; "a low archway on the carriage-side; bookseller"s at one corner, hotel on the other, and two porters in the middle as touts for licences."
"Touts for licences!" said the gentleman.
"Touts for licences," replied Sam. "Two coves in white ap.r.o.ns, touches their hats when you walk in--"Licence, sir, licence?" Queer sort them, and their mas"rs, too, sir--Old Bailey proctors--and no mistake."
"What do they do?" inquired the gentleman.
"Do! _you_, sir! That ain"t the worst on"t, neither. They puts things into old gen"lm"n"s heads as they never dreamed of. My father, sir, was a coachman, a widower he wos, and fat enough for anything--uncommon fat, to be sure. His missus dies, and leaves him four hundred pound. Down he goes to the Commons to see the lawyer, and draw the blunt--very smart--top-boots on--nosegay in his b.u.t.ton-hole--broad-brimmed tile--green shawl--quite the gen"lm"n. Goes through the archway, thinking how he should inwest the money; up comes the touter, touches his hat-"Licence, sir, licence?" "What"s that?" says my father.
"Licence, sir," says he. "What licence," says my father. "Marriage licence," says the touter. "Dash my weskit," says my father, "I never thought o" that." "I thinks you want one, sir," says the touter. My father pulls up and thinks a bit. "No," says he, "damme, I"m too old, b"sides I"m a many sizes too large," says he. "Not a bit on it, sir,"
says the touter. "Think not?" says my father. "I"m sure not," says he; "we married a gen"lm"n twice your size last Monday." "Did you, though?"
said my father. "To be sure we did," says the touter, "you"re a babby to him--this way, sir--this way!" And sure enough my father walks arter him, like a tame monkey behind a horgan, into a little back office, vere a feller sat among dirty papers, and tin boxes, making believe he was busy. "Pray take a seat, vile I makes out the affidavit, sir," says the lawyer. "Thankee, sir," says my father, and down he sat, and stared with all his eyes, and his mouth wide open, at the names on the boxes.
"What"s your name, sir?" says the lawyer. "Tony Weller," says my father.
"Parish?" says the lawyer. "Belle Savage," says my father; for he stopped there when he drove up, and he know"d nothing about parishes, _he_ didn"t. "And what"s the lady"s name?" says the lawyer. My father was struck all of a heap. "Blessed if I know," says he. "Not know!" says the lawyer. "No more nor you do," says my father; "can"t I put that in arterwards?" "Impossible!" says the lawyer. "Wery well," says my father, after he"d thought a moment, "put down Mrs. Clarke." "What Clarke?" says the lawyer, dipping his pen in the ink. "Susan Clarke, Markis o" Granby, Dorking," says my father; "she"ll have me if I ask, I dessay--I never said nothing to her; but she"ll have me, I know." The licence was made out, and she _did_ have him, and what"s more she"s got him now; and _I_ never had any of the four hundred pound, worse luck. Beg your pardon, sir," said Sam, when he had concluded, "but when I gets on this here grievance, I runs on like a new barrow with the wheel greased."
Doctors" Commons is now a ruin. The spider builds where the proctor once wove his sticky web. The college, rebuilt after the Great Fire, is described by Elmes as an old brick building in the Carolean style, the interior consisting of two quadrangles once occupied by the doctors, a hall for the hearing of causes, a s.p.a.cious library, a refectory, and other useful apartments. In 1867, when Doctors" Commons was deserted by the proctors, a clever London essayist sketched the ruins very graphically, at the time when the Metropolitan Fire Brigade occupied the lawyers" deserted town:--
"A deserted justice-hall, with dirty mouldering walls, broken doors and windows, shattered floor, and crumbling ceiling. The dust and fog of long-forgotten causes lowering everywhere, making the small leaden-framed panes of gla.s.s opaque, the dark wainscot grey, coating the dark rafters with a heavy dingy fur, and lading the atmosphere with a close unwholesome smell. Time and neglect have made the once-white ceiling like a huge map, in which black and swollen rivers and tangled mountain ranges are struggling for pre-eminence. Melancholy, decay, and desolation are on all sides. The holy of holies, where the profane vulgar could not tread, but which was sacred to the venerable gowned figures who cozily took it in turns to dispense justice and to plead, is now open to any pa.s.ser-by. Where the public were permitted to listen is bare and shabby as a well-plucked client. The inner door of long-discoloured baize flaps listlessly on its hinges, and the true law-court little entrance-box it half shuts in is a mere nest for spiders. A large red shaft, with the word "broken" rudely scrawled on it in chalk, stands where the judgment-seat was formerly; long rows of ugly piping, like so many shiny dirty serpents, occupy the seats of honour round it; staring red vehicles, with odd bra.s.s fittings: buckets, helmets, axes, and old uniforms fill up the remainder of the s.p.a.ce. A very few years ago this was the snuggest little law-nest in the world; now it is a hospital and store-room for the Metropolitan Fire Brigade.
For we are in Doctors" Commons, and lawyers themselves will be startled to learn that the old Arches Court, the old Admiralty Court, the old Prerogative Court, the old Consistory Court, the old harbour for delegates, chancellors, vicars-general, commissaries, prothonotaries, cursitors, seal-keepers, serjeants-at-mace, doctors, deans, apparitors, proctors, and what not, is being applied to such useful purposes now.
Let the reader leave the bustle of St. Paul"s Churchyard, and, turning under the archway where a n.o.ble army of white-ap.r.o.ned touters formerly stood, cross Knightrider Street and enter the Commons. The square itself is a memorial of the mutability of human affairs. Its big sombre houses are closed. The well-known names of the learned doctors who formerly practised in the adjacent courts are still on the doors, but have, in each instance, "All letters and parcels to be addressed" Belgravia, or to one of the western inns of court, as their accompaniment. The one court in which ecclesiastical, testamentary, and maritime law was tried alternately, and which, as we have seen, is now ending its days shabbily, but usefully, is through the further archway to the left. Here the smack _Henry and Betsy_ would bring its action for salvage against the schooner _Mary Jane_; here a favoured gentleman was occasionally "admitted a proctor exercent by virtue of a rescript;" here, as we learnt with awe, proceedings for divorce were "carried on in poenam,"
and "the learned judge, without entering into the facts, declared himself quite satisfied with the evidence, and p.r.o.nounced for the separation;" and here the Dean of Peculiars settled his differences with the eccentrics who, I presume, were under his charge, and to whom he owed his t.i.tle."
Such are the changes that take place in our Protean city! Already we have seen a palace in Blackfriars turn into a prison, and the old courts of Fleet Street, once mansions of the rich and great, now filled with struggling poor. The great synagogue in the Old Jewry became a tavern; the palace of the Savoy a barracks. These changes it is our special province to record, as to trace them is our peculiar function.
The Prerogative Will Office contains many last wills and testaments of great interest. There is a will written in short-hand, and one on a bed-post; but what are these to that of Shakspeare, three folio sheets, and his signature to each sheet? Why he left only his best bed to his wife long puzzled the antiquaries, but has since been explained. There is (or rather was, for it has now gone to Paris) the will of Napoleon abusing "the oligarch" Wellington, and leaving 10,000 francs to the French officer Cantello, who was accused of a desire to a.s.sa.s.sinate the "Iron Duke." There are also the wills of Vand.y.k.e the painter, who died close by; Inigo Jones, Ben Jonson"s rival in the Court masques of James and Charles; Sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Johnson, good old Izaak Walton, and indeed almost everybody who had property in the south.
[Ill.u.s.tration: HERALDS" COLLEGE. (_From an old Print._)]
CHAPTER XXV.
HERALDS" COLLEGE.
Early Homes of the Heralds--The Const.i.tution of the Herald"s College--Garter King at Arms--Clarencieux and Norroy--The Pursuivants--Duties and Privileges of Heralds--Good, Bad, and Jovial Heralds--A Notable Norroy King at Arms--The Tragic End of Two Famous Heralds--The College of Arms" Library.