The boy lifted his head at this.
"You make me feel as though we"d just landed with the Pilgrims," he said.
"So we have," I said. "June seventh of this very year we landed on Plymouth Rock just as our ancestors did two centuries ago. They"ve been all this time paving the way for you and me. They"ve built roads and schools and factories and it"s up to us now to use them. You and I have just landed from England. Let"s see what we can do as pioneers."
I wanted to get at the young American in him. I wanted him to realize that he was something more than the son of his parents; something more than just an average English-speaking boy. I wanted him to feel the impetus of the big history back of him and the big history yet to be made ahead of him. He had known nothing of that before. The word American had no meaning to him except when a regiment of soldiers was marching by. I wanted him to feel all the time as he did when his throat grew lumpy with the band playing and the stars and stripes flying on Fourth of July or Decoration Day.
I urged him to study hard as the first essential towards success but I also told him to get into the school life. I didn"t want him to stand back as his tendency was and watch the other fellows. I didn"t want him to sit in the bleachers--at least not until he had proved that this was the place for him. Even then I wanted him to lead the cheering. I wanted him to test himself in the literary societies, the dramatic clubs, on the athletic field. In other words, instead of remaining pa.s.sive I wanted him to take an aggressive att.i.tude towards life. In still other words instead of being a middle-cla.s.ser I wanted him to get something of the emigrant spirit. And I had the satisfaction of seeing him begin his work with the germ of that idea in his brain.
In the meanwhile with the approach of cold weather I saw a new item of expense loom up in the form of coal. We had used kerosene all summer but now it became necessary for the sake of heat to get a stove. For a week I took what time I could spare and wandered around among the junk shops looking for a second hand stove and finally found just what I wanted. I paid three dollars for it and it cost me another dollar to have some small repairs made. I set it up myself in the living room which we decided to use as a kitchen for the winter. But when I came to look into the matter of getting coal down here I found I was facing a pretty serious problem. Coal had been a big item in the suburbs but the way people around me were buying it, made it a still bigger one.
No cellar accommodations came with the tenement and so each one was forced to buy his coal by the basket or bag. A basket of anthracite was costing them at this time about forty cents. This was for about eighty pounds of coal, which made the total cost per ton eleven dollars--at least three dollars and a half over the regular price.
Even with economy a person would use at least a bag a week. This, to leave a liberal margin, would amount to about a ton and a half of coal during the winter months. I didn"t like the idea of absorbing the half dollar or so a week that Ruth was squeezing out towards what few clothes we had to buy, in this way--at least the over-charge part of it. With the first basket I brought home, I said, "I see where you"ll have to dig down into the ginger jar this winter, little woman."
She looked as startled as though I had told her someone had stolen the savings.
"What do you mean?" she asked.
I pointed to the basket.
"Coal costs about eleven dollars a ton, down here."
When she found out that this was all that caused my remark, she didn"t seem to be disturbed.
"Billy," she said, "before we touch the ginger jar it will have to cost twenty dollars a ton. We"ll live on pea soup and rice three times a day before I touch that."
"All right," I said, "but it does seem a pity that the burden of such prices as these should fall on the poor."
"Why do they?" she asked.
"Because in this case," I said, "the dealers seem to have us where the wool is short."
"How have they?" she insisted.
"We can"t buy coal by the ton because we haven"t any place to put it."
She thought a moment and then she said:
"We could take care of a fifth of a ton, Billy. That"s only five baskets."
"They won"t sell five any cheaper than one."
"And every family in this house could take care of five," she went on.
"That would make a ton."
I began to see what she meant and as I thought of it I didn"t see why it wasn"t a practical scheme.
"I believe that"s a good idea," I said. "And if there were more women like you in the world I don"t believe there"d be any trusts at all."
"Nonsense," she said. "You leave it to me now and I"ll see the other women in the house. They are the ones who"ll appreciate a good saving like that."
She saw them and after a good deal of talk they agreed, so I told Ruth to tell them to save out of next Sat.u.r.day night"s pay a dollar and a half apiece. I was a bit afraid that if I didn"t get the cash when the coal was delivered I might get stuck on the deal. The next Monday I ordered the coal and asked to have it delivered late in the day. When I came home I found the wagon waiting and it created about as much excitement on the street as an ambulance. I guess it was the first time in the history of Little Italy that a coal team had ever stopped before a tenement. The driver had brought baskets with him and I filled up one and took it to a store nearby and weighed into it eighty pounds of coal. With that for my guide I gathered the other men of the families about me and made them carry the coal in while I measured it out. The driver who at first was inclined to object to the whole proceeding was content to let things go on when he found himself relieved of all the carrying. We emptied the wagon in no time and the other men insisted upon carrying up my coal for me. I collected every cent of my money and incidentally established myself on a firm footing with every family in the house. Several other tenements later adopted the plan but the idea didn"t take hold the way you"d have thought it would. I guess it was because there weren"t any more Ruths around there to oversee the job. Then, too, while these people are far-sighted in a good many ways, they are short-sighted in others.
Neither the wholesale nor co-operative plans appeal to them. For one thing they are suspicious and for another they don"t like to spend any more than they have to day by day. Later on through Ruth"s influence we carried our scheme a little farther with just the people in the house and bought flour and sugar that way but it was made possible only through their absolute trust in her. We always insisted on carrying out every such little operation on a cash basis and they never failed us.
Ruth"s influence had been gradually spreading through the neighborhood. She had found time to meet the other families in the house and through them had met a dozen more. The first floor was occupied by Michele, an Italian laborer, his wife, his wife"s sister and two children. On the second floor there was Giuseppe, the young sculptor, and his father and mother. The father was an invalid and the lad supported the three. On the third floor lived a fruit peddler, his wife and his wife"s mother--rather a commonplace family, while the fourth floor was occupied by Pietro, a young fellow who sold cut flowers on the street and hoped some day to have a garden of his own.
He had two children and a grandmother to care for.
It certainly afforded a contrast to visit those other flats and then Ruth"s. Right here is where her superior intelligence came in, of course. The foreign-born women do not so quickly adapt themselves to the standards of this country as the men do. Most of them as I learned, come from the country districts of Italy where they live very rudely. Once here they make their new quarters little better than their old. The younger ones however who are going to school are doing better. But taken by and large it was difficult to persuade them that cleanliness offered any especial advantages. It wasn"t as though they minded the dirt and were chained to it by circ.u.mstances from which they couldn"t escape--as I used to think. They simply didn"t object to it. So long as they were warm and had food enough they were content.
They didn"t suffer in any way that they themselves could see.
But when Ruth first went into their quarters she was horrified. She thought that at length she was face to face with all the misery and squalor of the slums of which she had read. I remember her chalk-white face as she met me at the door upon my return home one night. She nearly drove the color out of my own cheeks for I thought surely that something had happened to the boy. But it wasn"t that; she had heard that the baby on the first floor was ill and had gone down there to see if there was anything she might do for it. Until then she had seen nothing but the outside of the other doors from the hall and they looked no different from our own. But once inside--well I guess that"s where the two hundred years if not the four hundred years back of us native Americans counts.
"Why, Billy," she cried, "it was awful. I"ll never get that picture out of mind if I live to be a hundred."
"What"s the matter?" I asked.
"Why the poor little thing--"
"What poor little thing?" I interrupted.
"Michele"s baby. It lay there in dirty rags with its pinched white face staring up at me as though just begging for a clean bed."
"What"s the matter with it?"
"Matter with it? It"s a wonder it isn"t dead and buried. The district nurse came in while I was there and told me,"--she shuddered--"that they"d been feeding it on macaroni cooked in greasy gravy. And it isn"t six months old yet."
"No wonder it looked white," I said, remembering how we had discussed for a week the wisdom of giving d.i.c.k the coddled white of an egg at that age.
"Why the conditions down there are terrible," cried Ruth. "Michele must be very, very poor. The floor wasn"t washed, you couldn"t see out of the windows, and the clothes--"
She held up her hands unable to find words.
"That _does_ sound bad," I said.
"It"s criminal. Billy--we can"t allow a family in the same house with us to suffer like that, can we?"
I shook my head.
"Then go down and see what you can do. I guess we can squeeze out fifty cents for them, can"t we, Billy?"
"I guess you could squeeze fifty cents out of a stone for a sick baby," I said.
The upshot of it was that I went down and saw Michele. As Ruth had said his quarters were anything but clean but they didn"t impress me as being in so bad a condition as she had described them. Perhaps my work in the ditch had made me a little more used to dirt. I found Michele a healthy, temperate, able-bodied man and I learned that he was earning as much as I. Not only that but the women took in garments to finish and picked up the matter of two or three dollars a week extra. There were five in the family but they were far from being in want. In fact Michele had a good bank account. They had all they wanted to eat, were warm and really prosperous. There was absolutely no need of the dirt. It was there because they didn"t mind it. A five cent cake of soap would have made the rooms clean as a whistle and there were two women to do the scrubbing. I didn"t leave my fifty cents but I came back upstairs with a better appreciation, if that were possible, of what such a woman as Ruth means to a man. Even the baby began to get better as soon as the district nurse drove into the parent"s head a few facts about sensible infant feeding.
I don"t want to make out that life is all beer and skittles for the tenement dwellers. It isn"t. But I ran across any number of such cases as this where conditions were not nearly so bad as they appeared on the surface. Taking into account the number of people who were gathered together here in a small area I didn"t see among the temperate and able-bodied any worse examples of hard luck than I saw among my former a.s.sociates. In fact of sheer abstract hard luck I didn"t see as much. In seventy-five per cent of the cases the conditions were of their own making--either the man was a drunkard or the women slovenly or the whole family was just naturally vicious.
Ignorance may excuse some of this but not all of it. Perhaps I"m not what you"d call sympathetic but I"ve heard a lot of men talk about these people in a way that sounds to me like twaddle. I never ran across a family down here in such misery as that which Steve Bonnington"s wife endured for years without a whimper.
Bonnington was a clerk with a big insurance company. He lived four houses below us on our street. I suppose he was earning about eighteen hundred dollars a year when he died. He left five children and he never had money enough even to insure in his own company. He didn"t leave a cent. When Helen Bonnington came back from the grave it was to face the problem of supporting unaided, either by experience or relatives, five children ranging from twelve to one. She was a shy, retiring little body who had sapped her strength in just bringing the children into the world and caring for them in the privacy of her home. She had neither the temperament nor the training to face the world. But she bucked up to it. She sold out of the house what things she could spare, secured cheap rooms on the outskirts of the neighborhood and announced that she would do sewing. What it cost her to come back among her old friends and do that is a particularly choice type of agony that it would be impossible for a tenement widow to appreciate. And this same self-respect which both Helen"s education and her environment forced her to maintain, handicapped her in other ways. You couldn"t give Mrs. Bonnington sc.r.a.ps from your table; you couldn"t give her old clothes or old shoes or money. It wasn"t her fault because this was so; it wasn"t your fault.
When her children were sick she couldn"t send them off to the public wards of the hospitals. In the first place half the hospitals wouldn"t take them as charity patients simply because she maintained a certain dignity, and in the second place the idea, by education, was so repugnant to her that it never entered her head to try. So she stayed at home and sewed from daylight until she couldn"t hold open her eyes at night. That"s where you get your true "Song of the Shirt." She not only sewed her fingers to the bone but while doing it she suffered a very fine kind of torture wondering what would happen to the five if she broke down. Asylums and homes and hospitals don"t imply any great disgrace to most of the tenement dwellers but to a woman of that type they mean h.e.l.l. G.o.d knows how she did it but she kept the five alive and clothed and in school until the boy was about fifteen and went to work. When I hear of the lone widows of the tenements, who are apt to be very husky, and who work out with no great mental struggle and who have clothes and food given them and who set the children to work as soon as they are able to walk, I feel like getting up in my seat and telling about Helen Bonnington--a plain middle-cla.s.ser. And she was no exception either.