Ma.s.sr Ringgol, an" folks _do_ say dat boaf de two put tha heads together to cheat dat ar Indyen "ooman."
"How?"
"Dis chile don"t say for troof, Ma.s.sr George; he hear um only from da black folks: tha white folks say diffrent. But I hear um from Ma.s.s"
Ringgol"s own n.i.g.g.a woodman--Pomp, you know Ma.s.sr, George? an" he say that them ar two bosses _did_ put tha heads together to cheat dat poor Indyen "ooman."
"In what way, Jake?" I asked impatiently.
"Waal, you see, Ma.s.sr George, da lawya he want da Indyen sign ha name to some paper--power ob "turney, tha call am, I believe. She sign; she no read tha writin. Whuch! daat paper war no power ob "turney: it war what tha lawyas call a "bill ob sale"."
"Ha!"
"Yes, Ma.s.sr George, dat"s what um war; an" by dat same bill ob sale all Mar"m Pow"ll"s n.i.g.g.as an" all ha plantation-clarin war made ober to Ma.s.sr Grubb."
"Atrocious scoundrel?"
"Ma.s.sr Grubb he swar he bought "em all, an" paid for "em in cash dollar.
Mar"m Pow"ll she swar de berry contr"y. Da judge he decide for Ma.s.sr Grubb, "kase great Ma.s.sr Ringgoh he witness; an" folks _do_ say Ma.s.sr Ringgol now got dat paper in um own safe keeping an" war at tha bottom ob tha whole bizness."
"Atrocious scoundrels! oh, villains! But tell me, Jake, what became of Madame Powell?"
"Shortly arter, tha all gone "way--n.o.b"dy know wha. Da mar"m haself an"
dat fine young fellur you know, an" da young Indyen gal dat ebbery body say war so good-lookin"--yes, Ma.s.sr George, tha all gone "way."
At that moment an opening in the woods enabled me to catch a glimpse of the old house. There it stood in all its grey grandeur, still embowered in the midst of beautiful groves of orange and olive. But the broken fence--the tall weeds standing up against the walls--the shingles here and there missing from the roof--all told the tale of ruin.
There was ruin in my heart, as I turned sorrowing away.
Note 1. That portion of Florida _reserved_ for the Seminoles by the treaty of Moultrie Creek made in 1823. It was a large tract, and occupied the central part of the peninsula.
Note 2. Master or proprietor; universally in use throughout the Southern States. From the Dutch "baas."
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE.
INDIAN SLAVES.
It never occurred to me to question the genuineness of Jake"s story.
What the "black folks" said was true; I had no doubt of it. The whole transaction was redolent of the Ringgolds and lawyer Grubbs--the latter a half planter, half legal pract.i.tioner of indifferent reputation.
Jake further informed me that Spence and Williams had disappeared during the progress of the trial. Both afterwards returned to the settlement, but no ulterior steps were taken against them, as there was no one to prosecute!
As for the stolen negroes, they were never seen again in that part of the country. The robbers had no doubt carried them to the slave-markets of Mobile or New Orleans, where a sufficient price would be obtained to remunerate Grubbs for his professional services, as also Williams and Spence for theirs. The land would become Ringgold"s, as soon as the Indians could be got out of the country--and this was the object of the "bill of sale."
A transaction of like nature between white man and white man would have been regarded as a grave swindle, an atrocious crime. The whites affected not to believe it; but there were some who knew it to be true, and viewed it only in the light of a clever _ruse_!
That it was true, I could not doubt. Jake gave me reasons that left no room for doubt; in fact it was only in keeping with the general conduct of the border adventures towards the unfortunate natives with whom they came in contact.
Border adventures did I say? Government agents, members of the Florida legislature, generals, planters, rich as Ringgold, all took part in similar speculations. I could give names. I am writing truth, and do not fear contradiction.
It was easy enough, therefore, to credit the tale. It was only one of twenty similar cases of which I had heard. The acts of Colonel Gad Humphreys, the Indian agent--of Major Phagan, another Indian agent--of Dexter, the notorious negro-stealer--of Floyd--of Dougla.s.s--of Robinson and Millburn, are all historic--all telling of outrages committed upon the suffering Seminole. A volume might be filled detailing such swindles as that of Grubbs and Ringgold. In the mutual relations between white man and red man, it requires no skillful advocate to shew on which side must lie the wrongs unrepaired and unavenged. Beyond all doubt, the Indian has ever been the victim.
It is needless to add that there were retaliations: how could it be otherwise?
One remarkable fact discloses itself in these episodes of Floridian life. It is well-known that slaves thus stolen from the Indians _always returned to their owners whenever they could_! To secure them from finding their way back, the Dexters and Dougla.s.ses were under the necessity of taking them to some distant market, to the far "coasts" of the Mississippi--to Natchez or New Orleans.
There is but one explanation of this social phenomenon; and that is, that the slaves of the Seminole were _not_ slaves. In truth they were treated with an indulgence to which the helot of other lands is a stranger. They were the agriculturists of the country, and their Indian master was content if they raised him a little corn--just sufficient for his need--with such other vegetable products as his simple _cuisine_ required. They lived far apart from the dwellings of their owners.
Their hours of labour were few, and scarcely compulsory. Surplus product was their own; and in most cases they became rich--far richer than their own masters, who were less skilled in economy. Emanc.i.p.ation was easily purchased, and the majority were actually free--though from such claims it was scarcely worth while to escape. If slavery it could be called, it was the mildest form ever known upon earth--far differing from the abject bondage of Ham under either Shem or j.a.pheth.
It may be asked how the Seminoles became possessed of these black slaves? Were they "runaways" from the States--from Georgia and the Carolinas, Alabama, and the plantations of Florida? Doubtless a few were from this source; but most of the runaways were not claimed as property; and, arriving among the Indians, became free. There was a time when by the stern conditions of the Camp Moultrie Covenant these "absconding" slaves were given up to their white owners; but it is no discredit to the Seminoles, that they were always _remiss_ in the observance of this disgraceful stipulation. In fact, it was not always possible to surrender back the fugitive negro. Black communities had concentrated themselves in different parts of the Reserve, who under their own leaders were socially free, and strong enough for self-defence. It was with these that the runaways usually found refuge and welcome. Such a community was that of "Harry" amidst the mora.s.ses of Pease Creek--of "Abram" at Micosauky--of "Charles" and the "mulatto king."
No; the negro slaves of the Seminoles were _not_ runaways from the plantations; though the whites would wish to make it appear so. Very few were of this cla.s.s. The greater number was the "genuine property"
of their Indian owners, so far as a slave can be called _property_. At all events, they were _legally_ obtained--some of them from the Spaniards, the original settlers, and some by fair purchase from the American planters themselves.
How purchased? you will ask. What could a tribe of savages give in exchange for such a costly commodity? The answer is easy. Horses and horned cattle. Of both of these the Seminoles possessed vast herds. On the evacuation by the Spaniards the savannas swarmed with cattle, of Andalusian race--half-wild. The Indians caught and reclaimed them-- became their owners.
This, then, was the _quid pro quo_--quadrupeds in exchange for bipeds!
The chief of the crimes charged against the Indians was the _stealing of cattle_--for the white men had their herds as well. The Seminoles did not deny that there were bad men amongst them--lawless fellows difficult to restrain. Where is the community without scamps?
One thing was very certain. The Indian chiefs, when fairly appealed to, have always evinced an earnest desire to make restoration: and exhibited an energy in the cause of justice, entirely unknown upon the opposite side of their border.
It differed little how they acted, so far as regarded their character among their white neighbours. These had made up their mind that the dog should be hanged; and it was necessary to give him a bad name. Every robbery, committed upon the frontier was of course the act of an Indian.
White burglars had but to give their faces a coat of Spanish brown, and justice could not see through the paint.
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO.
A CIRCUITOUS TRANSACTION.
Such were my reflections as I journeyed on--suggested by the sad tale to which I had been listening.
As if to confirm their correctness, an incident at that moment occurred exactly to the point.
We had not ridden far along the path, when we came upon the tracks of cattle. Some twenty head must have pa.s.sed over the ground going in the same direction as ourselves--_towards_ the Indian "Reserve."
The tracks were fresh--almost quite fresh. I was tracker enough to know that they must have pa.s.sed within the hour. Though cloistered so long within college walls, I had not forgotten all the forest craft taught me by young Powell.
The circ.u.mstance of thus coming upon a cattle-trail, fresh or old, would have made no impression upon me. There was nothing remarkable about it.
Some Indian herdsmen had been driving home their flock; and that the drivers _were_ Indians, I could perceive by the moccasin prints in the mud. It is true, some frontiersmen wear the moccasin; but these were not the foot-prints of white men. The turned-in toes, [Note 1] the high instep, other trifling signs which, from early training, I knew how to translate, proved that the tracks were Indian.
So were they agreed my groom, and Jake was no "slouch" in the ways of the woods. He had all his life been a keen "c.o.o.n-hunter--a trapper of the swamp-hare, the "possum," and the "gobbler." Moreover, he had been my companion upon many a deer-hunt--many a chase after the grey fox, and the rufous "cat." During my absence he had added greatly to his experiences. He had succeeded his former rival in the post of woodman, which brought him daily in contact with the denizens of the forest, and constant observation of their habits had increased his skill.
It is a mistake to suppose that the negro brain is incapable of that acute reasoning which const.i.tutes a cunning hunter. I have known black men who could read "sign" and lift a trail with as much intuitive quickness as either red or white. Black Jake could have done it.