The war itself was soon afterwards brought to a successful conclusion.
CHAPTER TEN.
THE CRIMEAN WAR.
Towards the end of 1853 difficulties had arisen between Turkey and her ancient enemy Russia. The matters in dispute were of no real importance. Russia was persuaded that the Turkish Empire was breaking up, and that the time for its part.i.tion was at hand, and that therefore any pretext was good enough upon which to found a quarrel. France and England, however, were not willing to see Constantinople in the hands of Russia, and accordingly formed forces to a.s.sist Turkey. On the 30th of November a Russian fleet leaving Sebastopol under cover of a dense fog made a dash upon the Turkish harbour of Sinope. Here they surprised a Turkish squadron of eight frigates, two schooners, and three transports utterly unprepared for battle. Without warning, the Russian Admiral Nachenioff opened fire upon them, and though the Turks fought bravely, in the course of a few hours all their ships but two were destroyed.
This action cannot be described as a battle, but as an inhuman, unnecessary ma.s.sacre, 5000 men, including the wounded, being destroyed by the fire of the Russians, who offered no terms and gave no quarter.
This barbarity aroused the utmost indignation in Europe, and the prospect of war with Russia was greeted with enthusiasm by the British.
The allied fleets of Great Britain and France, the former consisting of forty-nine ships mounting an aggregate of 1701 guns, and the latter of thirty-six ships with 1742 guns, entered the Black Sea in January following, and on the 28th of March war was formally declared.
On 11th March Queen Victoria reviewed at Spithead the most powerful fleet that up to that time had ever been collected. This was under the command of Sir Charles Napier, with his flag on board the _Duke of Wellington_, of 131 guns,--which ship alone would almost have been capable of contending with the largest fleet Howe, Jervis, or Nelson ever led to victory. That superb fleet was intended chiefly for the Baltic, where it was hoped that not only would it humble the pride of the Czar, by capturing Sveaborg, Helsingfors, and Cronstadt, but might lay Saint Petersburg itself under contribution. Some of the ships went to the Black Sea and in other directions; but Sir Charles Napier found himself in command of a fleet in the Baltic, consisting altogether of thirty steamers and thirteen sailing ships, mounting 2052 guns. The French also had a fleet of twenty-three ships carrying 1250 guns.
BOMBARDMENT OF ODESSA.
The naval operations were opened with two very regrettable incidents.
The steamer _Furious_ was sent to Odessa early in April, to bring off the British consul. Having anch.o.r.ed in the bay with a flag of truce at her mast-head, she sent off a boat, also with a flag of truce flying, to the sh.o.r.e, when, against all the laws of civilised warfare, the batteries opened fire on them. No one was. .h.i.t, and the _Furious_ steamed back to the fleet.
The allied admirals, indignant at the outrage, addressed a note to the Russian governor, General Osten-Sacken, pointing out the outrage which had been committed, and demanding "that all the British, French, and Russian vessels now at anchor near the citadel or the batteries of Odessa be forthwith delivered up to the combined squadron; and that if at sunset no answer or a negative be received, they will be compelled by force to avenge the insult offered, though, for humanity"s sake, they adopt the alternative with regret, and cast the responsibility of the act upon those to whom it belongs."
No satisfactory answer having been received, the combined fleet opened fire on the fortifications of Odessa on the 22nd of April. The bombardment lasted for ten hours, during which the Russian batteries were considerably injured, two batteries blown up, vast quant.i.ties of military stores were destroyed, and several ships-of-war were sunk.
On the 12th of May, during a thick fog, the steam-sloop _Tiger_, sixteen guns, Commander Gifford, went on sh.o.r.e on the rocks near Odessa. While she was thus utterly helpless, the Russians, as soon as she was observed, opened fire on her, and Captain Gifford, being desperately wounded (mortally, as it proved), was at length compelled to strike his flag. The Russians, having removed her guns and stores, set fire to the vessel, and forwarded the flag as a trophy to Saint Petersburg. It was one of the very few, either from redcoats or bluejackets, they got during the war.
OPERATIONS IN THE BALTIC.
Sir Charles Napier"s squadron reached Wingo Sound on the 15th March, and on the 25th it entered the Great Belt, and anch.o.r.ed in Kiel Bay. Soon afterwards, Sir Charles was reinforced by Admiral Corry, with the second division of the fleet. On the 12th of April Sir Charles sailed for the Gulf of Finland, where he established a rigorous blockade. As, even at this season of the year, there is a considerable amount of ice in the Baltic, the navigation of the ships demanded all the vigilance of the officer in charge. Sir Charles, hearing that a Russian squadron, consisting of seven line-of-battle ships and one frigate, was shut up at Helsingfors, made sail in that direction for the purpose of preventing a junction between the two portions of the Russian fleet. In this very important object, in which the enemy"s plan of naval operations was completely defeated, he was entirely successful.
Admiral Plumridge meantime was scouring the Gulf of Bothnia, and in a short period captured or destroyed forty-six merchantmen and a quant.i.ty of naval stores, without losing a man.
A SPIRITED ACTION.
On the 19th May the _Arrogant_ and the _Hecla_, two steamers--the first a screw, commanded by Captain Yelverton, and the second by Captain Hall--had been detached from the fleet, and employed for a considerable time in reconnoitring the forts of the enemy about Hango Bay.
Propulsion by means of a screw was at this time a novelty, the steamships of war being generally large paddle boats and sailing ships combined, a state of transition between the frigate of Nelson"s day and the modern steamship.
The two captains, hearing that some ships lay off the town of Eckness, some way up a narrow river, determined to cut them out. They boldly entered the river, and on the evening of the 19th came to an anchor.
A boat from one of the men-of-war was sent on ahead, but before she had got 800 yards from the ship, a hot fire was opened on her from behind a sandbank in a thickly-wooded place. At the same time some round shot struck the _Hecla_. Both ships instantly beat to quarters, and, casting loose their guns, poured showers of shot and sh.e.l.l into the wood, from whence they speedily dislodged the enemy. They then shifted their berth, and were not further molested during the night. A bright look-out was kept, however, to prevent surprise.
At two a.m. both ships weighed, the _Hecla_ leading, and the crews being at their quarters. They slowly and carefully felt their way along the intricate navigation of the river, till they suddenly found themselves within range of the guns of a battery posted on a promontory before them, which was crowded with Russian soldiers--stout-looking fellows, habited in long grey coats and spiked helmets of steel, which glittered brightly in the sun; and the bluejackets now for the first time saw the enemy.
The _Hecla_ immediately opened fire, which the battery returned with spirit; and the _Arrogant_ now coming up, let fly a whole broadside among the soldiers, just as some horse artillery had made their appearance, and were unlimbering preparatory to engaging. As the smoke cleared off, the troop of artillery were seen scampering away at full speed. A heavy fire of musketry now burst forth from a wood on one side, and continued for some time without intermission, the bullets falling thick on board both ships.
While this work was going forward, the _Arrogant_ ran aground within twenty yards of the battery, but most fortunately in a position which allowed her guns full play on it. At this close range the ship"s guns were more than a match for those in the fort, and so smartly were they worked that in a short time they dismounted all the guns of the enemy and drove the gunners from the fort.
The crew were now able to turn their attention to the position their ship was in, and turning to with a will, unmolested by the enemy, they succeeded in getting afloat again. As they pa.s.sed close to the fort, they witnessed the state of complete ruin which they had so speedily caused,--guns dismounted, carriages blown to fragments, and accoutrements and helmets scattered around.
As they proceeded up the river the town of Eckness now opened ahead of the two steamers, and before the town lay the vessels which they wished to carry off. The water now shoaled, and the _Arrogant_ could proceed no higher. Just then artillery opened on them. The _Arrogant_ accordingly anch.o.r.ed, swung broadside to the sh.o.r.e, and engaged the batteries; while the _Hecla_, throwing sh.e.l.ls at the enemy, steamed up to Eckness, and running alongside a barque, the only one of the vessels afloat, to the astonishment and dismay of the inhabitants took her in tow, and carried her off in triumph. The two ships then returned down the river with their prize.
AN UNSUCCESSFUL VENTURE.
On the 1st of June a gallant adventure similar to the last narrated was not so successful. The _Odin_ and _Vulture_, two steamers belonging to Admiral Plumridge"s division in the Gulf of Bothnia, employed in destroying the shipping and marine stores in various places along the coast, had arrived in the neighbourhood of Old Carleby.
At seven p.m., two paddle-box boats, two pinnaces, four cutters, and one gig,--nine boats in all,--containing 180 officers and men, carrying six twenty-four-pounder howitzers and two twelve-pounders, were sent away under the command of Lieutenant Wise, of the _Vulture_, who was accompanied by Lieutenants Madden and Burton, Marine Artillery, and by Dr Duncan.
After a long pull, the boats anch.o.r.ed near some store-houses at the mouth of a narrow creek, when, with a flag of truce, Lieutenant Wise went on sh.o.r.e and communicated with the authorities.
On his return, the flag of truce was withdrawn, and some of the boats went ahead to sound, the others following closely. A narrow creek appearing, leading to the town, Lieutenant Carrington, in one of the boats, was ordered up it to explore. On pa.s.sing some buildings some soldiers were seen, and the boat was on the point of returning to report the circ.u.mstance, when a wall was thrown down, and a volley of musketry was poured on her, which killed Lieutenant Carrington, Mr Montague, mate, and Mr Athorpe, midshipman, and wounded Lieutenant Lewis, R.M., and Mr McGrath, midshipman, and fourteen men. The boat, which was much injured, was taken in tow, and carried out to the _Odin_. The other boats immediately opened fire, the gunner of the _Vulture_ firing no less than twenty-seven times before he fell, badly wounded.
One of the _Vulture"s_ boats, with Mr Morphy, mate, and twenty-five seamen, was disabled, and, drifting on sh.o.r.e, was captured by the enemy.
In another of her boats one marine was killed and six were wounded. By this time the enemy had brought five field-pieces into action; the remaining boats, therefore, pulled off out of range, having lost altogether fifty-two killed, wounded, and missing, in this most unfortunate though gallant affair.
No fault was found with the way in which the expedition was commanded, while both officers and men behaved with the most perfect intrepidity and coolness.
Most of the crew of the missing boat escaped with their lives, and were made prisoners.
BOMARSUND--21ST JUNE.
A small squadron, consisting of the _Hecla, Valorous_, and _Odin_, under Captain Hall, was sent in to engage the batteries of Bomarsund on the 21st of June. This they did in the most spirited manner, receiving a hot fire in return both from the forts and from riflemen posted in the neighbourhood, rifle bullets and shot and sh.e.l.l falling thickly on board. The British bluejackets were, however, far better pleased to have a few shot sent among them, than to be doomed to play at long bowls, with all the firing on their side, as was sometimes the case during the war.
The casualties were very slight. After engaging for three hours, and setting some buildings on fire, the ships drew out of action.
It was clearly perceived that the fleet alone could not take the place.
Bomarsund, indeed, might well be considered the Sebastopol of the Baltic, its evident object being to overawe the neighbouring kingdoms of Sweden and Denmark. Its destruction, therefore, was of the greatest importance. The allied fleet lay at anchor at Ledsund, about eighteen miles from Bomarsund, anxiously waiting for the arrival of the French troops promised for the service.
It was not, however, till the end of July that the first division reached Ledsund, brought in British ships-of-war. They were under the command of General Baraguay D"Hilliers. On the 5th of August the siege artillery arrived, and on the 8th more troops and marines were landed.
The fortifications of Bomarsund lie on the eastern point of the largest of the Aland Islands. The princ.i.p.al fortress commands a semicircular bay on the south, with intricate pa.s.sages leading to it. At the northern side of the fort the land rises considerably; and the defence on that part consisted of three round towers, one on the highest ground to the west, a second in the centre, and a third to the east. On the 8th of August, 11,000 men were landed on the north side of the island, in the short s.p.a.ce of three hours, after the _Amphion_, _Phlegethon_, and _Edinburgh_ had blown a fort to atoms, and cleared the ground with their fire. The army then marched across the island, and encamped against the western fort. The English and French marines, with some seamen, were landed.
Batteries were immediately thrown up round the fortress, while thirteen ships of the allied fleet attacked from the sea. The towers were taken in succession; and the large circular fort, mounting nearly 100 guns, surrendered, with a garrison of 2000 men, soon after the effect of the fire from the ships had been felt. The effect of the shot on the fort is thus described by an eye-witness:--
"Three or four shots set the big stones visibly clattering, as I could mark by a pocket-telescope. One block then fell out, then another, then a third, fourth, etcetera; and these were followed by an avalanche of loose rubbish, just as you see a load of gravel pour out from the end of a cart when the back-board is removed." From this it was argued that the fortifications of Sebastopol would be as easily knocked to pieces; but experience showed that there was a vast difference in the two works.
Bomarsund was somewhat of contract work. The sea towers of Sebastopol were as strong as hewn stone scientifically put together could make them.
The navy lost only one man killed and one wounded. A number of brave and dashing acts were performed by naval men during the operations of the fleet in the Baltic, to which it is impossible to refer in detail.
Amongst the many gallant acts performed by seamen on this occasion one may specially be mentioned. During the first attack upon the batteries at Bomarsund, a live sh.e.l.l fell on the deck of the _Hecla_ with its fuse still burning. Had it remained there and been permitted to explode, great damage to the ship and loss of life must have occurred.
Lieutenant Charles D. Lucas seeing this, with the greatest presence of mind and coolness, and regardless of the risk he incurred of being blown to pieces, took up the sh.e.l.l, carried it to the side and dropped it overboard.
A CAPTURE OF DESPATCHES.
While Captain Yelverton"s squadron was off the island of Wardo, information was received that an aide-de-camp of the Emperor of Russia was about to land in charge of a mail and despatches for the Russian general. As there could be little doubt that these despatches would contain valuable information for the guidance of the Allies, it was important to secure them.
It occurred to Commander Bythesea that he could render this service to his country. He accordingly offered his services, and obtained permission for himself and William Johnstone, a brave fellow, a stoker, to proceed on sh.o.r.e for the purpose of intercepting them. Being well armed, they put on disguises, and went on sh.o.r.e, leaving the boat at some distance; they then, ascertaining the spot where the mail-bags would be landed, concealed themselves in some bushes in the neighbourhood.
At length, after it was dark, on the night of the 12th of August, their anxiety was relieved by the arrival of the Russian officer and the mails, but they were accompanied by an escort of soldiers. It would have been madness to attack so large a body, and there appeared no prospect of carrying out their bold attempt. Great was their satisfaction, however, to see the soldiers, believing that the coast was clear, take their departure. The officer and four men, however, still remained. The odds against them would have been great, had the men not been loaded with the bags.
As soon as the soldiers were out of hearing, the gallant commander and his companion sprang from their concealment, attacked the five men; two of them fled; the other three they succeeded in making prisoners and dragged them off to the boat with the mail-bags, which they also secured, and then rowed off in triumph to the _Arrogant_. The despatches were carried to General Baraguay D"Hilliers, who expressed high admiration at the bravery and dash of the exploit. Both Commander Bythesea and William Johnstone obtained the Victoria Cross.