388
_Good sense._--They are compelled to say, "You are not acting in good faith; we are not asleep," etc. How I love to see this proud reason humiliated and suppliant! For this is not the language of a man whose right is disputed, and who defends it with the power of armed hands. He is not foolish enough to declare that men are not acting in good faith, but he punishes this bad faith with force.
389
Ecclesiastes[152] shows that man without G.o.d is in total ignorance and inevitable misery. For it is wretched to have the wish, but not the power. Now he would be happy and a.s.sured of some truth, and yet he can neither know, nor desire not to know. He cannot even doubt.
390
My G.o.d! How foolish this talk is! "Would G.o.d have made the world to d.a.m.n it? Would He ask so much from persons so weak?" etc. Scepticism is the cure for this evil, and will take down this vanity.
391
_Conversation._--Great words: Religion, I deny it.
_Conversation._--Scepticism helps religion.
392
_Against Scepticism._--[... It is, then, a strange fact that we cannot define these things without obscuring them, while we speak of them with all a.s.surance.] We a.s.sume that all conceive of them in the same way; but we a.s.sume it quite gratuitously, for we have no proof of it. I see, in truth, that the same words are applied on the same occasions, and that every time two men see a body change its place, they both express their view of this same fact by the same word, both saying that it has moved; and from this conformity of application we derive a strong conviction of a conformity of ideas. But this is not absolutely or finally convincing, though there is enough to support a bet on the affirmative, since we know that we often draw the same conclusions from different premisses.
This is enough, at least, to obscure the matter; not that it completely extinguishes the natural light which a.s.sures us of these things. The academicians[153] would have won. But this dulls it, and troubles the dogmatists to the glory of the sceptical crowd, which consists in this doubtful ambiguity, and in a certain doubtful dimness from which our doubts cannot take away all the clearness, nor our own natural lights chase away all the darkness.
393
It is a singular thing to consider that there are people in the world who, having renounced all the laws of G.o.d and nature, have made laws for themselves which they strictly obey, as, for instance, the soldiers of Mahomet, robbers, heretics, etc. It is the same with logicians. It seems that their licence must be without any limits or barriers, since they have broken through so many that are so just and sacred.
394
All the principles of sceptics, stoics, atheists, etc., are true. But their conclusions are false, because the opposite principles are also true.
395
_Instinct, reason._--We have an incapacity of proof, insurmountable by all dogmatism. We have an idea of truth, invincible to all scepticism.
396
Two things instruct man about his whole nature; instinct and experience.
397
The greatness of man is great in that he knows himself to be miserable.
A tree does not know itself to be miserable. It is then being miserable to know oneself to be miserable; but it is also being great to know that one is miserable.
398
All these same miseries prove man"s greatness. They are the miseries of a great lord, of a deposed king.
399
We are not miserable without feeling it. A ruined house is not miserable. Man only is miserable. _Ego vir videns._[154]
400
_The greatness of man._--We have so great an idea of the soul of man that we cannot endure being despised, or not being esteemed by any soul; and all the happiness of men consists in this esteem.
401
_Glory._--The brutes do not admire each other. A horse does not admire his companion. Not that there is no rivalry between them in a race, but that is of no consequence; for, when in the stable, the heaviest and most ill-formed does not give up his oats to another, as men would have others do to them. Their virtue is satisfied with itself.
402
The greatness of man even in his l.u.s.t, to have known how to extract from it a wonderful code, and to have drawn from it a picture of benevolence.
403
_Greatness._--The reasons of effects indicate the greatness of man, in having extracted so fair an order from l.u.s.t.
404
The greatest baseness of man is the pursuit of glory. But it is also the greatest mark of his excellence; for whatever possessions he may have on earth, whatever health and essential comfort, he is not satisfied if he has not the esteem of men. He values human reason so highly that, whatever advantages he may have on earth, he is not content if he is not also ranked highly in the judgment of man. This is the finest position in the world. Nothing can turn him from that desire, which is the most indelible quality of man"s heart.
And those who most despise men, and put them on a level with the brutes, yet wish to be admired and believed by men, and contradict themselves by their own feelings; their nature, which is stronger than all, convincing them of the greatness of man more forcibly than reason convinces them of their baseness.
405
_Contradiction._--Pride counterbalancing all miseries. Man either hides his miseries, or, if he disclose them, glories in knowing them.
406
Pride counterbalances and takes away all miseries. Here is a strange monster, and a very plain aberration. He is fallen from his place, and is anxiously seeking it. This is what all men do. Let us see who will have found it.