[3] A town of Latium, near Rome. (Livy.)
[4] A city of the Sabines, between Rome and the Anio, from whence its name,--Ante Amnem. (Dionys. Hal.)
[5] A town of Etruria, near Veii. (Virg.)
CHAPTER III.
FROM THE DEATH OF ROMULUS TO THE DEATH OF NUMA POMPILIUS, THE SECOND KING OF ROME.--U.C. 38.
When pious Numa reigned, Bellona"s voice No longer called the Roman youth to arms; In peaceful arts he bid her sons rejoice, And tranquil live, secure from war"s alarms.--_Brooke._
1. Upon the death of Rom"ulus, the city seemed greatly divided in the choice of a successor. The Sab"ines were for having a king chosen from their body; but the Romans could not endure the thoughts of advancing a stranger to the throne. In this perplexity, the senators undertook to supply the place of the king, by taking the government each of them in turn, for five days, and during that time enjoying all the honours and all the privileges of royalty. 2. This new form of government continued for a year; but the plebeians, who saw this method of transferring power was only multiplying their masters, insisted upon altering that mode of government. The senate being thus driven to an election, at length pitched upon Nu"ma Pompil"ius, a Sab"ine, and their choice was received with universal approbation by the people.[1]
3. Nu"ma Pompil"ius, who was now about forty, had long been eminent for his piety, his justice, his moderation, and exemplary life. He was skilled in all the learning and philosophy of the Sab"ines, and lived at home at Cu"res,[2] contented with a private fortune; unambitious of higher honours. It was not, therefore, without reluctance, that he accepted the dignity; which, when he did so, produced such joy, that the people seemed not so much to receive a king as a kingdom.
4. No monarch could be more proper for them than Nu"ma, at a conjuncture when the government was composed of various petty states lately subdued, and but ill united to each other: they wanted a master who could, by his laws and precepts, soften their fierce dispositions; and, by his example, induce them to a love of religion, and every milder virtue. 5. Numa"s whole time, therefore, was spent in inspiring his subjects with a love of piety, and a veneration for the G.o.ds. He built many new temples, inst.i.tuted sacred offices and feasts; and the sanct.i.ty of his life gave strength to his a.s.sertion--that he had a particular correspondence with the G.o.ddess _Ege"ria_. By her advice he built the temple of _Ja.n.u.s_, which was to be shut in time of peace, and open in war. He regulated the appointment of the vestal virgins, and added considerably to the privileges which they had previously enjoyed.
6. For the encouragement of agriculture, he divided those lands, which Romulus had gained in war, among the poorer part of the people; he regulated the calendar, and abolished the distinction between Romans and Sabines, by dividing the people according to their several trades, and compelling them to live together. Thus having arrived at the age of fourscore years, and having reigned forty-three in profound peace, he died, ordering his body, contrary to the custom of the times, to be buried in a stone coffin; and his books of ceremonies, which consisted of twelve in Latin, and as many in Greek, to be buried by his side in another.[3]
_Questions for Examination._
1. Upon the death of Romulus, what took place in regard to his successor?
2. How long did this order of things continue?
3. What was the character of Numa Pompilius?
4. Was Numa a monarch suited to this peculiar conjuncture?
5. Relate the acts of Numa?
6. What were the further acts of Numa?
7. What orders did he leave at his death?
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Nu"ma Pompil"ius was the fourth son of Pompil"ius Pom"po, an ill.u.s.trious Sab"ine. He had married Ta"tia, the daughter of Ta"tius, the colleague of Rom"ulus, and on the death of his wife, gave himself up entirely to solitude and study. (Plutarch--Livy.)
[2] More probably at Quirium, the Sabine town which was united with Rome. (See Introduction, Chap. II.)
[3] The age of Nu"ma is scarcely more historical than that of Rom"ulus, but the legends respecting it are fewer and partake less of extravagance. Indeed, he had himself discouraged the songs of the bards, by ordering the highest honours to be paid to Tac"ita, the Came"na or Muse of Silence. His memory was best preserved by the religious ceremonies ascribed to him by universal tradition. The later poets loved to dwell on his peaceful virtues, and on the pure affection that existed between him and the nymph Egeria. They tell us that when the king served up a moderate repast to his guests on earthen-ware, she suddenly changed the dishes into gold, and the plain food into the most sumptuous viands. They also add, that when he died, Egeria melted away in tears for his loss, and was changed into a fountain.
CHAPTER IV.
FROM THE DEATH OF NUMA TO THE DEATH OF TULLUS HOSTILIUS THE THIRD KING OF ROME.--U.C. 82.
From either army shall be chose three champions, To fight the cause alone.--_Whitehead._
1. At the death of Nu"ma, the government once more devolved upon the senate, and so continued, till the people elected Tullus Hostil"ius for their king, which choice had also the concurrence of the other part of the const.i.tution. This monarch, the grandson of a n.o.ble Roman,[1] who had formerly signalized himself against the Sab"ines, was every way unlike his predecessor, being entirely devoted to war, and more fond of enterprise than even the founder of the empire himself had been; so that he only sought a pretext for leading his forces to the field.
2. The _Albans_, by committing some depredations on the Roman territory, were the first people that gave him an opportunity of indulging his favourite inclinations. The forces of the two states met about five miles from Rome, prepared to decide the fate of their respective kingdoms; for, in these times, a single battle was generally decisive. The two armies were for some time drawn out in array, awaiting the signal to begin, both chiding the length of that dreadful suspense, when an unexpected proposal from the Alban general put a stop to the onset. 3. Stepping in between both armies, he offered the Romans to decide the dispute by single combat; adding, that the side whose champion was overcome, should submit to the conqueror. A proposal like this, suited the impetuous temper of the Roman king, and was embraced with joy by his subjects, each of whom hoped that he himself should be chosen to fight the cause of his country. 4. There were, at that time, three twin brothers in each army; those of the Romans were called Hora"tii, and those of the Albans Curia"tii; all six remarkable for their courage, strength, and activity, and to these it was resolved to commit the management of the combat.[2] At length the champions met, and each, totally regardless of his own safety, only sought the destruction of his opponent. The spectators, in horrid silence, trembled at every blow, and wished to share the danger, till fortune seemed to decide the glory of the field. 5. Victory, that had hitherto been doubtful, appeared to declare against the Romans: they beheld two of their champions lying dead upon the plain, and the three Curia"tii, who were wounded, slowly endeavouring to pursue the survivor, who seemed by flight to beg for mercy. Too soon, however, they perceived that his flight was only pretended, in order to separate his three antagonists, whom he was unable to oppose united; for quickly after, stopping his course, and turning upon the first, who followed closely behind, he laid him dead at his feet: the second brother, who was coming up to a.s.sist him that had already fallen, shared the same fate. 6. There now remained but the last Curia"tius to conquer, who, fatigued and disabled by his wounds, slowly advanced to offer an easy victory. He was killed, almost unresisting, while the conqueror, exclaiming, "Two have I already sacrificed to the manes of my brothers, the third I will offer up to my country," despatched him as a victim to the superiority of the Romans, whom now the Alban army consented to obey.[3]
7. But the virtues of that age were not without alloy; that very hand that in the morning was exerted to save his country, was, before night, imbrued in the blood of a sister: for, returning triumphant from the field, it raised his indignation to behold her bathed in tears, and lamenting the loss of her lover, one of the Curia"tii, to whom she had been betrothed. This so provoked him beyond the powers of sufferance, that in a rage he slew her: but the action displeased the senate, and drew after it the condemnation of the magistrate. He was, however, pardoned, by making his appeal to the people, but obliged to pa.s.s under the yoke; an ignominious punishment, usually inflicted on prisoners of war.[4]
8. Tullus having greatly increased the power and wealth of Rome by repeated victories, now thought proper to demand satisfaction of the Sab"ines for the insults which had been formerly offered to some Roman citizens at the temple of the G.o.ddess Fero"nia, which was common to both nations A war ensued, which lasted some years, and ended in the total overthrow of the Sab"ines.
[Ill.u.s.tration: The victorious Horatius killing his sister.]
Hostil"ius died after a reign of thirty-two years; some say by lightning; others, with more probability, by treason.
_Questions for Examination_.
1. On whom devolved the government on the death of Numa, and what is the character of his successor?
2. What opportunity first offered of indulging the new king"s inclinations?
3. What proposal was offered, and accepted for deciding the dispute?
4-6. Relate the circ.u.mstances which attended the combat, and the result of it.
7. What act followed the victory?
8. What conquest was next achieved?
FOOTNOTES:
[1] It seems to have been part of the compact between the Romans and Sabines, that a king of each people should reign alternately.
[2] The Hora"tii and Curia"tii were, according to Diony"sius of Halicarnas"sus, the sons of two sisters, daughters of Sequin"ius, an ill.u.s.trious citizen of Alba. One married to Curia"tius, a citizen of Alba, and the other to Hora"tius, a Roman: so that the champions were near relatives.
[3] This obedience of the Albans was of short duration; they soon rebelled and were defeated by Tullus, who razed the city of Alba to the ground, and transplanted the inhabitants to Rome, where he conferred on them the privileges of citizens.
[4] Livy, lib. i. cap. 26. Dion. Hal. l. 3.